Daniel Lees Fryer

• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2019). Multiplying Engagement: Visual-Verbal Intersemiosis in an Online Medical Research Article, In Carmen Sancho Guinda (ed.),  Engagement in Professional Genres.  John Benjamins Publishing Company.  ISBN 9789027202185.  9.  s 157 - 178 Vis sammendrag

  This paper explores how the textual voice in an online medical research article engages and positions itself with respect to other voices in the communicative context. Taking a systemic-functional, social-semiotic approach, I examine engagement intersemiotically, with regard to the deployment and integration of visual and verbal resources; interstratally, from the levels of (lexico-)grammar (‘from below’) and genre and ideology (‘from above’); and logogenetically, as the text unfolds. The analysis suggests a text that variously opens and closes dialogic space as the textual voice seeks to (dis)align the reader with various positions construed in the text. Some of those positionings cannot be fully appreciated without an intersemiotic perspective, making it an essential part of understanding how experts engage through specialized genres.

• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2019). Smell as Social Semiotic: On the Deployment and Intersemiotic Potential of Smell, In Martin Kaltenbacher & Hartmut Stöckl (ed.),  Analyzing the Media: A Systemic Functional Approach.  Equinox Publishing.  ISBN 9781781796252.  Chapter 11.  s 189 - 204
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2016). Cut and Paste: Recontextualizing Meaning-Material in a Digital Environment, In Sheena Gardner & Sian Alsop (ed.),  Systemic Functional Linguistics in the Digital Age.  Equinox Publishing.  ISBN 9781781792384.  9.  s 151 - 165
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2015). Sonifying the Higgs: Choice and Coding Orientation in the Recontextualization of Quantitative Data, In Gunhild Kvåle; Eva Maagerø & Aslaug Veum (ed.),  Kontekst, språk og multimodalitet: Nyere sosialsemiotiske perspektiver.  Fagbokforlaget.  ISBN 978-82-321-0433-8.  Kapittel 7.  s 123 - 137
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2014). Story of an image: notes on the recontextualization of a digital research-article figure, In Sian Alsop & Sheena Gardner (ed.),  Language in a digital age: be not afraid of digitality.  Coventry University.  ISBN 9781846000515.  Extended abstract.  s 50 - 56
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2013). Exploring the dialogism of academic discourse: heteroglossic engagement in medical research articles, In Gisle Andersen & Kristin Bech (ed.),  English corpus linguistics : variation in time, space and genre : selected papers from ICAME 32.  Rodopi.  ISBN 978-90-420-3679-6.  Kapittel.  s 183 - 207 Vis sammendrag

  In academic research writing, the way in which an author engages with and positions him/herself in relation to other voices in the discourse, e.g. with the literature and the putative reader, is an integral part of the social practice of communicating research. Understanding how this engagement is realized may have important implications for academic literacy programs, particularly in the development of academic writing skills. In this paper, I investigate engagement in written medical research discourse, by applying the systemic-functional framework of APPRAISAL, a model of evaluative language, to a corpus of English- language medical research articles. Specifically, I present how the corpus has been compiled and annotated according to part of the ENGAGEMENT system, a subsystem of APPRAISAL dealing with writer/speaker resources for intersubjective positioning. These engagement resources include what are generally dealt with under the headings of modality, hedging, and attribution, among others, but they are interpreted here in terms of their dialogic functionality; that is, the role they play in construing for the text a background of different voices (the literature, the putative reader) and different value positions. For instance, a modal Finite such as may not only signals a speaker’s/writer’s degree of certainty or level of commitment, but, from a dialogic perspective, it also ‘entertains’ or allows for the possibility of alternative positions or viewpoints in the discourse. (Consider, for example, Reducing LDL cholesterol may reduce the development of vascular disease.) In this paper, I present the different types of engagement features and their interrelations as identified in the corpus, the probabilities of these features being selected, the frequencies of their occurrence, their distributions across the texts, and some of their typical realizations. The findings show that there is considerable variation in the types of engagement resources used as well as in their distributions, both across and within different sections of the medical research article.

• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2012). Analysis of the generic discourse features of the English-language medical research article: A systemic-functional approach. Functions of language.  ISSN 0929-998X.  19(1), s 5- 37 . doi: 10.1075/fol.19.1.01fry

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• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2019). #AllCatsAreBeautiful: Visual-Verbal Representations of Cats in Online Liberationist Discourses. Vis sammendrag

  Hashtags are a form of user-generated metadata that generally indicate the content or topic of an utterance. They are also important markers of ambient affiliation, allowing users to co-construct communities of shared values and experiences around different topics (Zappavigna 2012, 2018). In this paper, I examine the use of the hashtag #allcatsarebeautiful on the social media platform Twitter. The hashtag is used as a metadiscursive marker for several interrelated topics, most commonly as an acrostic for the abbreviation ACAB, All Cops Are Bastards. It is also used in reference to pet rescue and animal shelters and, less frequently, to sexism. One of the points of connection between those different topics is their potentially abolitionist or liberationist positions, i.e. anti-police, anti-breeding/anti-ownership, and anti-sexism (cf. Vitale 2017, Dunayer 2001, 2004, Francione and Charlton 2016, Mills 2008). Across each of these topics, I look at how cats are represented visually and verbally, and the kinds of experiences and emotions expressed by users (Baker 2001 [1993], Martin and White 2005, Kress and van Leeuwen 2006). References Baker, Steve. 2001 [1993]. Picturing the beast: animals, identity, and representation. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. Dunayer, Joan. 2001. Animal equality: language and liberation. Derwood, Maryland: Ryce Publishing. Dunayer, Joan. 2004. Speciesism. Derwood, Maryland: Ryce Publishing. Francione, Gary L., and Anna E. Charlton. 2016. "The case against pets." Aeon September 8, 2016. Kress, Gunther, and Theo van Leeuwen. 2006. Reading images: the grammar of visual design. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge. Martin, J. R., and P. R. R. White. 2005. The language of evaluation: appraisal in English. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Mills, Sara. 2008. Language and sexism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vitale, Alex S. 2017. The end of policing. London: Verso. Zappavigna, Michele. 2012. Discourse of Twitter and social media: how we use language to create affiliation on the web. London: Bloomsbury. Zappavigna, Michele. 2018. Searchable talk: hashtags and social media metadiscourse. London: Bloomsbury.

• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2019). Anti-universitet nå!. Khrono.no.  ISSN 1894-8995.
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2019). Engagement in Medical Research Discourse: A Multisemiotic Discourse-Semantic Study of Dialogic Positioning. Vis sammendrag

  This study investigates how medical researchers engage with a background of prior and anticipated utterances in a collection of highly cited English-language medical research articles. Taking a multisemiotic, systemic-functional approach, I examine the verbal, visual, and mathematical resources used by medical research writers to construe, engage with, and position themselves in relation to a dialogic background of different voices, positions, and propositions. I explore the dialogic functions of those resources and how they are integrated or combined. I also consider how those resources are distributed across different parts of the medical research article and to what extent their use might reflect some of the disciplinary practices of medical research. The study shows that engagement can be realized by a broad and diverse set of verbal, mathematical, and visual resources. Verbal modality, projection, and concession, visual prominence and depiction-style, and mathematical probability, approximation, and prediction combine to construe a dialogic space that, on the whole, is more ‘heteroglossic’ than ‘monoglossic’ (i.e. multi- or other-voiced rather than single-voiced) and more dialogically ‘expansive’ than ‘contractive’; that is, it opens up rather than closes down the dialogic space for alternative positions and propositions in the discourse. From a genre perspective, engagement resources have different distributions across the various stages and phases of the medical research article, which tend to construe a dialogically ‘expansive’ Introduction and Discussion and a dialogically ‘contractive’ Methods and Results, although there is considerable variation across generic stages and phases and among individual research articles. The intersemiotic analysis shows how verbal, visual, and mathematical engagement resources are generally integrated to complement and reinforce the meanings construed by each semiotic. Less commonly, they diverge or they combine to make meanings that are not explicitly carried by any one semiotic, creating moments of potential dialogic tension. These changing dialogic spaces are crucial to building and maintaining alliances with the reader. They are also part of what makes the medical research article a hybrid text, one that, from a disciplinary perspective, construes varying writer–reader relations and knowledge structures (e.g. hard–soft, regional–singular, hierarchic–horizontal) as the text unfolds. The implications of this study are three-fold. Firstly, the study contributes to theoretical developments in the fields of social semiotics, systemic functional theory, and discourse analysis more generally. Secondly, it contributes to the growing body of discourse- and corpus-analytic studies of medicine and medical research discourse. Thirdly, the findings may have practical applications in academic literacy programmes. Key words: engagement, medical research discourse, social semiotics, systemic functional theory, dialogic theory, linguistics, semiosis, multisemiosis, multimodality, intersemiosis, intermodality, corpus analysis, genre, disciplinarity, ideology

• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2019). Ludditter?. Klassekampen.  ISSN 0805-3839.  s 21- 21
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2019). Peterloo: «Dere er mange, de er få». radikalportal.no.
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2017). Brexit: Hvor ble det av venstresida?. radikalportal.no.
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2017). ¡No pasarán! (Re)enacting the Battle of Cable Street on Social Media. Vis sammendrag

  The Battle of Cable Street is a key event in the history of the British antifascist movement (Kushner and Valman 1998, Copsey 2000, German and Rees 2012). On 4 October 1936, an estimated 100,000-250,000 demonstrators took to the streets to stop Oswald Mosley’s “Blackshirt” British Union of Fascists marching through London’s East End. Under banners of “They Shall Not Pass”, demonstrators erected barricades and fought with mounted police until the march was finally abandoned. At a recent rally to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the Battle of Cable Street, several speakers, including the leader of the British Labour Party, drew parallels between the events of 1936 and the apparent rise of right-wing populism and extremism in contemporary Britain and elsewhere (see also http://cablestreet80.org.uk). In this paper, I explore how some of those parallels are manifest in social media, by examining the comments section accompanying a video-documentary of the Battle of Cable Street, posted on the video-sharing website YouTube. My main aim is to examine how commentators position themselves, verbally and visually, in relation to the battle, the documentary, and each other. I use Martin and White’s (2005) appraisal framework (and models developed by Economou 2009, Chen 2010, Tan 2010, Feng and Wignell 2011, inter alia) to identify and compare communities of shared values and feelings, and to discuss how the ideologues and ideologemes of those communities (Bakhtin and Medvedev 1978, Freedman and Ball 2004) relate to wider fascist and antifascist discourses, many of which are reminiscent of, or make direct reference to, social and political events of the 1930s. References Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich, and Pavel Nikolaevich Medvedev. 1978 [1928]. The formal method in literary scholarship: a critical introduction to sociological poetics. Translated by Albert J. Wehrle. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Chen, Yumin. 2010. “Exploring dialogic engagement with readers in multimodal EFL textbooks in China.” Visual Communication 9 (4):485-506. Copsey, Nigel. 2000. Anti-fascism in Britain. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Economou, Dorothy. 2009. “Photos in the news: appraisal analysis of visual semiosis and verbal-visual intersemiosis.” PhD thesis, University of Sydney. Feng, Dezheng, and Peter Wignell. 2011. “Intertextual voices and engagement in TV advertisements.” Visual Communication 10 (4):565-588. Freedman, Sarah Warshauer, and Arnetha F. Ball. 2004. “Ideological becoming: Bakhtinian concepts to guide the study of language, literacy, and learning.” In Bakhtinian perspectives on language, literacy, and learning, edited by Arnetha F. Ball and Sarah Warshauer Freedman, 3-33. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. German, Lindsey, and John Rees. 2012. A people's history of London. London: Verso. Kushner, Tony, and Nadia Valman. 1998. “Introduction: minorities, fascism and anti-fascism.” Jewish Culture and History 1 (2):1-22. Martin, J. R., and P. R. R. White. 2005. The language of evaluation: appraisal in English. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Tan, Sabine. 2010. “Modelling engagement in a web-based advertising campaign.” Visual Communication 9 (1):91-115.

• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2016). Coffee and cinnamon buns: on the deployment and intersemiotic potential of smell. Vis sammendrag

  Our sense of smell is mediated by complex physicochemical and biological interactions. This sense is part of the material basis for what we might call a mode of smell, a socially mediated semiotic system (van Leeuwen 2005, Norris 2013, Fryer 2013). The resources of such modes or systems, to the extent that they are recognized as such, are rarely if ever deployed alone, but as part of a multisemiotic arrangement (van Leeuwen 2005, Kress 2010, Norris 2013). In this paper, I discuss the meaning potential of smell by considering how social actors produce, manipulate, combine, and organize certain smells to create sophisticated ‘messages’ that can be interpreted and evaluated by others. As an example, I examine the case of a real-estate agent’s use of specific smells, created among other things by preparing coffee and cinnamon buns, as part of a house viewing. I consider the potential meanings encoded by those smells in that particular context of situation. I also discuss the relative semantic weight of those resources as part of a multisemiotic event or activity that includes the co-deployment of verbal, visual, and spatial resources. By considering the relative amounts or degrees of meaning potential instantiated through those different semiotic systems, I demonstrate how smell might be deployed to make meanings that are potentially complementary to as well as incongruent or inharmonious with those committed verbally, visually, and spatially (see, for example, Hood 2008, Martin 2011, and Painter, Martin, and Unsworth 2013 on ‘commitment’). Reasons for making those particular semiotic choices and the kinds of values social actors might assign to them will also be discussed.

• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2016). Slaget ved Cable Street – en seier for antifascismen. radikalportal.no.
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2015). Samuel Beckett og akademisk skriving: Fordeler med å skrive på et andre- eller fremmedspråk, I: Kari Mari Jonsmoen & Marit Greek (red.),  Språkmangfold i utdanningen.  Gyldendal Akademisk.  ISBN 978-82-05-46026-3.  Kapittel 6.  s 97 - 108 Vis sammendrag

  Det kan være vanskelig å skrive vitenskapelige tekster, spesielt når man skriver i et andre- eller fremmedspråk. Ulempene kan være mange, men finnes det noen fordeler med å skrive vitenskapelige tekster på et andre- eller fremmedspråk, og hvordan kan disse eventuelle fordelene utnyttes? I denne artikkelen undersøker jeg disse spørsmålene i lys av forfatteren og dramatikeren Samuel Beckett sitt valg om å skrive på et andrespråk, nemlig fransk. Noen av grunnene til at han begynte å skrive på fransk, og resultatene av dette valget, kan ha direkte relevans for hvordan man skriver (og hvordan man underviser i skriving) i en akademisk sammenheng, ikke minst når man skriver i et andre- eller fremmedspråk. «Prøv igjen. Feil igjen. Feil bedre.» Samuel Beckett: Videre verstover

• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2014). Review of "Reading Visual Narratives: Image Analysis of Children’s Picture Books" (2013) by Painter, Martin, and Unsworth. Linguistics and the Human Sciences.  ISSN 1742-2906.  10(3), s 312- 321 . doi: 10.1558/lhs.v10i3.19618
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2014). Review of Verdaguer, Isabel, Natalia Judith Laso, and Danica Salazar (Eds). 2013. Biomedical English: A Corpus-based Approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Nordic Journal of English Studies.  ISSN 1654-6970.  13(3), s 218- 227
• Fryer, Daniel Lees & Patel, Tulpesh (2014). Conference organizers for Norwegian Forum for English for Academic Purposes (NFEAP) 8th Summer Seminar.
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2013). Heteroglossic engagement and generic staging in English-language medical research articles. Vis sammendrag

  In this presentation, I investigate how medical research writers engage with the dialogic background of their discipline. Specifically, I use the Appraisal framework (Martin & White 2005, White 1998, 2003) to examine how heteroglossic engagement is encoded in a collection of highly cited English-language experimental medical research articles. I explore the patterns and variations in the types, frequencies, selection probabilities, distribution, and scope of a wide range of linguistic resources, across and within different sections of the texts (Introductions, Methods, Results, and Discussions), paying particular attention to the role of engagement in the generic stages and phases (Martin & Rose 2003/2007, 2008), structural/rhetorical moves (Swales 1990), and discipline-specific organizational requirements (ICMJE 2010) associated with this text-type. In each section, and in each of the stages and phases that comprise those sections, medical research writers engage with a background of prior and anticipated utterances in distinct ways, opening and closing the dialogic space for alternative propositions, and variously aligning and disaligning their readers as the text unfolds. For the purposes of this presentation, I focus primarily on two main features, the dialogically expansive ‘entertain’ feature (typically signaled by markers of projection and modality) and the dialogically contractive ‘deny’ feature (expressed through the resources of negation). As I will show, there are not only distinct variations in the frequencies and selection probabilities of these features across different sections, stages, and phases of the text; there are also interesting differences in the types and scope of the linguistic resources that encode these features in different parts of the text.

• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2013). "Music is in everything": using sound to present (and perform) data in academic-literacies research. Vis sammendrag

  Empirical data, particularly quantitative data, are typically presented visually in the form of figures. In this presentation, I explore the potential for presenting data in the form of sound. As an example, I will use findings from an academic literacies (AL)-related project to describe some of the processes, choices, and challenges involved in creating “sound-figures.” With reference to similar data-as-sound projects from other fields, e.g., the sonification of data from the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland, I will discuss what insights sound-figures might provide that visual figures do not and how the two might complement each other, particularly in AL research. The presentation will also include a live performance of a sound-figure.

• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2013). Review of Painter, Martin, and Unsworth (2013) "Reading Visual Narratives: Image Analysis of Children's Picture Books". Linguistlist.  ISSN 1068-4875.  24(2565)
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2013). Review of Pérez-Llantada (2012) "Scientific Discourse and the Rhetoric of Globalization". Linguistlist.  ISSN 1068-4875.  24(565)
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2013). Samuel Beckett og akademisk skriving: mulige fordeler med å skrive på et fremmedspråk i en akademisk kontekst. Vis sammendrag

  Samuel Beckett skrev mange av sine mest kjente verk på fransk. Han mente at teksten ble mer presis, mer økonomisk og uten det han kalte for "Anglo-Irish exuberance and automatisms" når han skrev på et andrespråk. Opplever du det samme? Kan det virkelig være en fordel at du ikke har engelsk som førstespråk når du skal skrive vitenskapelig på engelsk?

• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2013). Sonifying the Higgs: choice and coding orientation in the sonification of data. Vis sammendrag

  In July 2012, the European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN) announced the discovery of a Higgs-like particle, based on data from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). A team of researchers sonified these data, translating the visual display of data points into a piece of music, i.e. a sonification or sound-figure. In this presentation, I examine some of the choices made in the transduction (Bezemer and Kress 2008) and sonification of the LHC data. Specifically, I explore choices in timbre, pitch, duration, and intensity from a systemic-functional perspective (van Leeuwen 1999) and discuss how these might relate to a possible scientific abstract-sensory coding orientation (Bernstein 1981, Halliday 1978, van Leeuwen 1999, Kress and van Leeuwen 1996/2006, inter alia) through which certain paradigmatic and probabilistic choices (part of the “sonic register”) are more highly valued than others. References Bernstein, Basil. 1981. “Codes, modalities and the process of cultural reproduction: a model” Language and Society 10, 327-363. Bezemer, Jeff and Gunther Kress. 2008. “Writing in multimodal texts: a social semiotic account of designs for learning” Written Communication 25, 166-195. Halliday, M. A. K. 1978. Language as social semiotic: the social interpretation of language and meaning. London: Edward Arnold. Kress, Gunther and Theo van Leeuwen. 1996/2006. Reading images: the grammar of visual design. Abingdon: Routledge. van Leeuwen, Theo. 1999. Speech, music, sound. London: Macmillan.

• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2013). Story of an image: notes on the recontextualization of a digital research-article figure. Vis sammendrag

  Figures such as graphs, illustrations, and photographs play important epistemological and pedagogic roles in the communication of science. In this presentation, I take as a case in point a figure from a research article published in 2001 in the paper and online editions of the New England Journal of Medicine. The figure represents a cross-section of a blood vessel and depicts the proposed response of a certain protein in regulating inflammation and coagulation in severe sepsis. The figure includes verbal resources, and is a hybrid of schematic and (semi-)naturalistic elements. In its original digital environment, the figure (like others in the journal) is not only part of a composite text, i.e., the research article; it is also a discrete text in its own right, one that can be searched, downloaded, read, and redistributed in various formats. Since its original publication in 2001, the figure has been reused and adapted for use in a number of different contexts. In this paper, I present and discuss some of these recontextualizations by examining changes in selection, arrangement, foregrounding, and social repositioning (Bezemer and Kress 2008) and by considering variations in the field, tenor, and mode of discourse. I investigate these recontextualizations (and their inevitable “recotextualizations”) more-or-less chronologically, starting with the figure’s origins in the New England Journal of Medicine before examining online repurposing of the figure in other research articles, in blogs, and in videos. Despite there being only minor transformations of the original figure, some of the recontextualizations suggest radically different readings from those of the original publication.

• Gulden, Ann Torday; Patel, Tulpesh & Fryer, Daniel Lees (2013). Conference organizers for Norwegian Forum for English for Academic Purposes (NFEAP) 7th Summer Seminar.
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2012). Whose voice is it, anyway? Voice, positioning, and expectation in academic writing.
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2011). Engaging with the literature, engaging with the reader: evaluation in academic writing.
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2011). Exploring the dialogism of academic discourse: appraisal in a multimodal corpus of medical research articles.
• Fryer, Daniel Lees (2011). Tale + skrift ≈ sant. Klassekampen.  ISSN 0805-3839.
• Gulden, Ann Torday; Fryer, Daniel Lees & Solli, Kristin (2010). 'Not too happy, but I just have to do it':Challenges in using English as method of instruction.

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