Camilla Buzzi

• Buzzi, Camilla (2021). Mass Atrocities in Myanmar and the Responsibility to Protect in a Digital Age. Global Responsibility to Protect. ISSN 1875-9858. 13(2-3), p. 272–296. doi: 10.1163/1875-984X-13020001. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Liberalisation of the telecommunications sector is a significant part of the political changes that were initiated in 2011 in Myanmar, making smartphones, sim cards, and access to the internet more widely available. Social media (SoMe) platforms, notably Facebook, have emerged as the main access to the internet for many people. But as the transition has proceeded, SoMe has become a space both for human rights activism and for inciting human rights abuses against vulnerable minorities. It is well documented that both the state and civil society in Myanmar have used Facebook to foment violence and mass atrocities against the Rohingya and other vulnerable minorities. This article examines some challenges for internet and SoMe governance drawing on the response of Facebook and various internet service providers in Myanmar in order to explore how to apply the norm of R2P on the net. The article aims to provide input for lessons learnt on mass atrocity prevention in a digital age.

• Buzzi, Camilla & Chit, Khin Chit (2019). Children’s rights and tourism in Myanmar: Responsibilities of businesses. In Nguyen, Thi Thanh Hai & Ngo, Thi Minh Huong (Ed.), Children’s Rights in the Tourism Industry – Incidence and Implications in Vietnam and Myanmar. Hong Duc Publishing House. ISSN 9786048964016. p. 134–164. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2019). UNSCR 1325 in Myanmar: Women’s Rights, Peace and Security in Times of Transition. In Kolås, Åshild (Eds.), Women, Peace and Security in Myanmar: Between Feminism and Ethnopolitics. Routledge. ISSN 9780367250447. p. 18–32. doi: 10.4324/9780429286605. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2016). The Human Rights Report as Discursive Genre: Evolving Discourses in Human Rights Activism in Myanmar/Burma, 1988–2011. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political. ISSN 0304-3754. 41(4), p. 214–230. doi: 10.1177/0304375417714926. Full text in Research Archive

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• Buzzi, Camilla & Jensen, Marte Graff (2006). Fanger i eget land/Prisoners in our own country. Unipax. ISBN 9788281520080. 156 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Buzzi, Camilla (2026). Centre-periphery relations and mass atrocity prevention in a digital age. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract: In this paper, I propose to examine some challenges to mass atrocity prevention posed by the adoption and use of digital technologies. In international relations theory, the conceptual pair of centre and periphery denotes locations in a global system with differing and unequal accesses to power and resources, and an exploitative relationship that allows for the continued dominance of the centre over the periphery. In such analysis, Burma/Myanmar usually belong to a global South, while the US and Norway/Europe belong to a global North. The liberalization of the telecommunications sector In Myanmar, which was a significant part of the political changes that were initiated in 2011 and paved access to the Myanmar market for international/global companies such as Facebook from the US and Telenor from Norway, appears to confirm such analysis. The telecom liberalization in Myanmar after 2011 originally resulted in smartphones, sim cards, and access to the internet becoming more widely available for a Myanmar public; social media (SoMe) platforms, notably Facebook, became the main access point to the internet for many people. Myanmar became a country where SoMe and internet have served and continue to serve as spaces and tools both for human rights activism and for inciting human rights abuses against vulnerable minorities, largely due to technologies made available by companies from the Global North. Access to internet and digital tools is often seen as a potential pathway for more equal relations between centres and peripheries. However, the response (or lack thereof) of SoMe such as Facebook and various internet service providers, including telecom companies such as Telenor, from these countries to past and current political repression and mass atrocities in a country such as Myanmar highlights challenges for internet and SoMe governance that expose gaps in the global business and human rights architecture when it comes to mass atrocity prevention in a digital age, disproportionally affecting the peripheries in the periphery. In my paper, I propose to use the notions of centre and periphery and of centre-periphery relations as analytical devices to better understand some of these gaps and to question how the use of digital technologies from the centre to facilitate mass atrocities and human rights violations in the periphery pose new challenges both in the periphery and at the centre as well as how centre-periphery relations may play out in a digital age.

• Buzzi, Camilla (2022). Telenor i Myanmar: Er Norge en sinke når det gjelder selskapers ansvarlighet? Transit magasin. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2021). Sikkerhetsrådets Myanmar-uttalelse fremstår som en svak tekst der Kina har hatt stor innflytelse. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2021). Intervju om Myanmar - Stanghelle på fredag. [Radio]. NRK P1+. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2021). Myanmar, masseovergrep og beskyttelse i en digital tidsalder - Hvem skal regulere de digitale plattformene? Transit magasin. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla; Anker-Hansen, Camilla; Arvesen, Petter & Graarud, Helén (2019). Det tverrfaglige kunnskapstorget - bruk av digitale verktøy for å utvikle og styrke tverrfaglig kompetanse. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2017). Story of the Hai Lee –A Glimpse into Norway-Myanmar Relation and Norwegian Shipping in Asia (translated into Burmese). The Myanmar Quarterly. 1(2). Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2015). Har Norge tatt for mye Møllers tran? Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla & Kolås, Åshild (2013). Opening up to the Golden Triangle: India's Engagement with Myanmar. In Miklian, Jason & Kolås, Åshild (Ed.), India's Human Security: Lost Debates, Forgotten People, Intractable Challenges. Routledge. ISSN 9780415830683. p. 122–134. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2011). Norge-Burma: Er vannkraft veien å gå? Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2011). Norsk naivitet i Burma. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2011). Lærdommen fra Burma. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2011). Tiden er ikke inne for Burma som formann for ASEAN. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2011). Burma: Hva skjer i Kachin-staten? Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2011). Burma: Menneskerettigheter er ikke til å forhandle om. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2011). Lessons from the Burmese Struggle. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2011). Norway-Burma Relations: Is Hydropower the way to go? Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2010). Uten varig fred ser Burmas fremtid mørk ut. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2010). Burmas naboer innfrir ikke. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla & Kolås, Åshild (2010). India-Burma Relations Hitting a Dead End? Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2009). Myth of the Democratizing Middle Class (reprinted as: "Norwegian Minister Indulges in the Myth of a Democratizing Middle Class",6.12.2014 ). Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla & Kolås, Åshild (2009). Suverenitetens grenser. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2007). Munkenes makt, av Thomas Berg, Morgenbladet, 28.sept.2002. [Journal]. Morgenbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2006). Juntaen biter seg fast (om Burma). Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2006). I Sin fars fotspor –Aung San Suu Kyi. In Buzzi, Camilla & Jensen, Marte Graff (Ed.), Fanger i eget land/Prisoners in our own country. Unipax. ISSN 9788281520080. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2004). Samarbeider ikke, av Martine Aurdal, Klassekampen, 30.des.2004 (om Myanmar). [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2003). Mahathirs falske smil, Klassekampen, 27.feb.2003 (om Malaysia). Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2003). Burmas studenter lider. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2003). Bleke utsikter for Burmas studenter to år etter fredsprisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2003). Bleke utsikter for Burmas studenter to år etter fredsprisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2002). Kapteinen forlater skipet, Morgenbladet, 19.juli 2002 (om Malaysia). Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2002). Anstrengt naboskap, Morgenbladet, 28.juni 2002 (om Burma-Thailand). Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2002). Thailand: Demokratiske utfordringer. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2002). Journalistfengsel - Burma er det land i verden som holder flest journalister fengslet (Dagbladet, 22.9.02). Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2002). Tøft for Burma-flyktningene (Dagbladet, 1.2.2002). Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla & Johansen, Trine (2001). Burma må avvikle tvangsarbeid. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2001). Burma: Ny flyktningstrøm (Dagbladet, 21.1.2001). Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2000). Demokratiske reformer i Thailand. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2000). Burmas tapte generasjon (Dagbladet, 15.6.2000). Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (1999). Undertrykkelsen i Burma (Dagbladet, 1.9.99). Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (1996). Løper juntaens ærend - 'Ikke kom til Burma før demokratiet gjør det'. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (1995). Aung San Suu Kyi - ut av politikken! Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (1995). Geriljasoldat - og student (om Burma). 1995(2). Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (1995). Aids truer Burma - Brutal bivirkning av opiumproduksjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (1995). Emmanuel Levinas og jødedommen, I sporet av det uendelige. En debattbok om Emmanuel Levinas. Aschehoug & Co. ISSN 9788203175374. p. 246–257. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2016). Struggling with Democracy –Discourses and Practices of Human Rights Activism in Myanmar/Burma, 1988-2011. Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Human Rights and Peace Studies), Faculty of Gradual Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand. Mahidol University. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla; Hayes, Mike & Mullen, Matt (2012). Education in Transition: A Preliminary Study of Capacity Development for Civil Society Actors in Burma/Myanmar. Institute for human rights and peace studies, Mahidol University. Full text in Research Archive
• Buzzi, Camilla (2003). The ethnopolitics of democratisation : democratisation, nationality policy and ethnic relations in Burma 1948-1962. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This thesis is a study of the ethnopolitics of democratisation in Burma. I analyse the consequences of democratisation for ethnic relations from the country’s independence in 1948 until the military coup d’état in 1962. As Burma has been under military rule since 1962, these fourteen years represent modern Burma’s sole experience with democratic rule. The thesis is a historical case study. However, it also provides a background for assessing the future prospects of democracy in Burma. Indeed, ethnic identity has played a key role in Burmese politics since the colonial era, and it remains a significant factor for the understanding of current Burmese politics and the lack of democratic development in this country. Ethnicity continues to shape Burmese politics, together with the impact of Burma’s colonial past, the emergence of the armed forces as the dominant political and economic actor in the country as well as the ongoing civil war. The first part of the analysis follows a thematic and chronological path. It begins with an examination of the development of a modern state in Burma, followed by a study of the emergence of Burmese nationalism and changes in ethnic relations during the colonial era. This section of the thesis provides a framework for the core of the analysis, which centres on political, economic and social developments after 1948. There are three foci to the main analysis. Firstly, I examine to what extent ethnic fragmentation in Burma was an impediment to decolonisation and the transition to democracy after World War II. Secondly, I engage in a critical analysis of how the Panglong agreement and the constitution drafted in 1947 sought to address issues concerning Burma’s ethnic minorities and the integration of various ethnic groups. I also examine how democratic processes, such as elections and party formations, affected ethnic relations after 1948. Finally, I identify which nationality policy strategies (political, economic and cultural) were applied after independence and what consequences these strategies had for the consolidation of democracy and for ethnic relations in this country. The analysis ends with a study of the outbreak of the civil war, which occurred in two phases - first in Burma Proper in 1948-1949, and then in the former Frontier Areas from 1959 onwards. I analyse the causes of this pattern as well as the consequences of the failure to manage ethnic diversity after 1948, until the collapse of democracy in 1962. The thesis concludes with a mixed record for democracy in Burma. While there was progress in the process of democratisation before 1962, there were also impediments to the consolidation of democracy. While recognising that much has changed in Burma since 1962, I argue that the case of Burma remains an example of how ethnic fragmentation complicates democratisation in a multiethnic society. Burma’s history shows that while it remains possible to design democracy in order to deal with fragmentation, such design ought to be done with great care. Still, constitutional design remains insufficient for the consolidation of democracy in a multiethnic state. Burma’s history is testimony to the need to devise a comprehensive solution to deal with ethnic diversity and to include all relevant actors in this process. It also shows that ethnic diversity cannot be addressed solely by constitutional design at a given point in time, because ethnic relations are also shaped by the dynamics of everyday politics. The full impact of democratisation on ethnic relations cannot be regarded solely as the result of various political processes. Democratic consolidation hinges on policies that seek to address ethnic fragmentation in the political, as well as in the economic and in the cultural arenas. A country’s political elite plays a key role in advancing integration or bringing about further fragmentation through its activities in each of these arenas.

• Buzzi, Camilla (2001). Twelve years after 1988: A common future? -Scenarios of transition in Burma. Worldview Rights. Full text in Research Archive

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