Beathe Kiland Granerud

• Kildal, Anders Benjamin; Ueland, Thor; Mirlashari, Mohammad Reza; Nissen-Meyer, Lise Sofie; Granerud, Beathe Kiland & Riise, Anne Margarita Dyrhol [Show all 44 contributors for this article] (2026). Serial blood serum measurements of calprotectin and deoxyribonuclease in COVID-19 patients during hospitalization and recovery until one year: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 26. doi: 10.1186/s12879-026-12939-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: To examine circulating calprotectin and deoxyribonuclease (DNase) serum levels during hospitalization in COVID-19 patients, their continuity post-discharge and dynamics in relation to disease severity. Methods: Serum levels were measured in samples collected from 252 COVID-19 patients during hospitalization (admission, days 3–5 and 7–10), at 3 months and after 1 year, and related to admission to intensive care unit (ICU) or high dependency unit (HDU), and 60-day total mortality. Results: During hospitalization, calprotectin and DNase levels were significantly elevated compared to healthy controls (HC). Calprotectin was increased in ICU/HDU patients compared to those at wards during hospitalization and in non-survivors compared to survivors during prolonged hospitalization. High calprotectin levels at admission were associated with male sex, PaO2/FiO2 ratio and national COVID-19 wave 2 and 3 compared to wave 1. High admission levels of both calprotectin and ferritin were associated with an approximately twofold higher odds ratio for ICU/HDU admission than either marker alone. DNase was lower at admission in non-survivors compared to survivors. Post-discharge, DNase but not calprotectin levels remained elevated extending to 1-year follow-up compared to HC. Conclusions: COVID‑19 non‑survivors showed persistently higher calprotectin levels during prolonged hospitalization, and elevated admission calprotectin was associated with later pandemic waves and poorer oxygenation. Incorporating calprotectin with ferritin improved prediction of ICU/HDU admission. DNase levels were lower at admission in non‑survivors, while overall DNase remained elevated from hospitalization through 1‑year follow‑up compared with HC, suggesting a possible role in long‑term COVID‑19–related immune alterations.

• Otterdal, Kari; Ueland, Thor; Holter, Jan Cato; Kaarbø, Mari; Schanke, Ylva & Granerud, Beathe Kiland [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2026). Platelet-derived mediators in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and associations to respiratory failure, ICU admittance and 60-day mortality. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 13. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2026.1685861. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Platelet activation is documented in COVID-19, but data on platelet-derived mediators are scarce. Objective: To examine the levels of various platelet-derived mediators in relation to adverse outcomes defined as the need for treatment at intensive care unit (ICU) and/or respiratory failure (RF) and 60-day total mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: Plasma levels of RANTES/CCL5, PF4/CXCL4, ENA78/CXCL5, NAP-2/CXCL7, SDF-1/CXCL12, P-selectin, soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) and vascular endothelial cell growth factor A (VEGF-A) were measured in 245 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and in a subpopulation of the patients, also at three, six and 12 months after hospitalization. Results: Our main findings were: (i) High levels of P-selectin was associated with ICU/RF, while low levels of PF4/CXCL4, ENA-78/CXCL5 and NAP-2/CXCL7 were associated with 60-days mortality. (ii) Most of the mediators were normalized after hospitalization, but plasma levels of sCD40L, ENA-78/CXCL7 and VEGF-A were markedly elevated compared to healthy controls for up to 12 months after hospitalization. (iii) In vitro, inactivated SARS-CoV-2 induced a dose-dependent release of NAP-2, P-selectin, RANTES, sCD40L and VEGF-A from isolated platelets. Conclusion: Our findings underscore the role of platelet-derived inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, potentially involving direct effects of SARS-CoV-2. The study also points to a persistent platelet activation following hospitalization.

• Stenseth, Else Berit; Syversen, Linda; Andersen, Heidi; Wergeland, Line; Granerud, Beathe Kiland & Ersvær, Elisabeth (2025). Ekstern praksis: Samarbeid og kommunikasjon for kvalitet. Bioingeniøren. ISSN 0801-6828. 8 2025, p. 20–25. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bakgrunn: Eksterne praksisstudier er viktig for studentens profesjonsutvikling. Høy kvalitet på praksisstudiene forutsetter at kontakten mellom praksisstedet og utdanningen er systematisk etablert. I denne studien har vi gjennomført en kartlegging av kommunikasjonsmønstre, informasjonsflyt og samarbeid mellom utdanningsinstitusjon og praksisfeltet, sett fra perspektivet til tre bioingeniørutdanninger i Norge. Material og metode: Det er utført fokusgruppeintervju av ansatte ved tre ulike bioingeniørutdanninger og ett sykehus, etterfulgt av tematisk kvalitativ innholdsanalyse av datamaterialet. Resultat: Undersøkelsen av informantenes erfaringer viser (i) manglende avtaler på studieprogram-/instituttnivå, (ii) informasjonsflyt i utdanningsinstitusjonen kan være ulik, muligens grunnet ulik fakultetstilhørighet, (iii) kommunikasjonen mellom utdanning og praksisfelt er kompleks og foregår på ulike nivåer og med ulike kommunikasjonsmønstre, og (iv) det kommuniseres både om fordeling av studenter samt tematisk innhold i praksis. Konklusjon: Denne studien viser at det er variasjon i kommunikasjon fra sted til sted, og at det er mangelfull kommunikasjon både internt i utdanningsinstitusjonene og mellom utdanningsinstitusjon og praksissted.

• Granerud, Beathe Kiland; Kaarbø, Mari; Al-Baldawi, Huda; Heggelund, Lars; Tveita, Anders & Müller, Karl Erik [Show all 42 contributors for this article] (2025). Droplet Digital PCR or Real-Time PCR as a Method for Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Plasma-Is There a Difference? Viruses. 17(6). doi: 10.3390/v17060772. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of this study is to ascertain whether qRT-PCR (reverse transcriptase real-time PCR) or RT-ddPCR (reverse transcriptase digital droplet PCR) is more effective for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA) in blood plasma from COVID-19 (coronavirus infectious disease-19) patients. The E-gene of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was quantified using both methods in 128 plasma samples from 70 hospitalized patients, followed by a statistical analysis to compare the sensitivity and concordance between the methods. Out of the 128 samples, 89 yielded consistent results irrespective of the method used, whereas 39 samples showed discrepancies between the two different methods. RT-ddPCR frequently registered higher viral quantities compared to qRT-PCR; however, the results did not demonstrate a clear superiority in sensitivity for RT-ddPCR. Although RT-ddPCR registered higher viral quantities, this study concludes that both methods provide comparable results for detecting SARS-CoV-2 E-gene RNA in plasma.

• Barratt-Due, Andreas; Pettersen, Kristin; Dahl, Tuva Børresdatter; Holter, Jan Cato; Grønli, Renathe Henriksen & Dyrhol-Riise, Anne Ma [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2024). Escalated complement activation during hospitalization is associated with higher risk of 60-day mortality in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Journal of Internal Medicine. ISSN 0954-6820. 296(1), p. 80–92. doi: 10.1111/joim.13783. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The complement system, an upstream recognition system of innate immunity, is activated upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. To gain a deeper understanding of the extent and duration of this activation, we investigated complement activation profiles during the acute phase of COVID-19, its persistence post-recovery and dynamic changes in relation to disease severity. Methods: Serial blood samples were obtained from two cohorts of hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 457). Systemic complement activation products reflecting classical/lectin (C4d), alternative (C3bBbP), common (C3bc) and terminal pathway (TCC and C5a) were measured during hospitalization (admission, days 3–5 and days 7–10), at 3 months and after 1 year. Levels of activation and temporal profiles during hospitalization were related to disease severity defined as respiratory failure (PO2/FiO2 ratio <26.6 kPa) and/or admission to intensive care unit, 60-day total mortality and pulmonary pathology after 3 months. Findings: During hospitalization, TCC, C4d, C3bc, C3bBbP and C5a were significantly elevated compared to healthy controls. Severely ill patients had significantly higher levels of TCC and C4d (p < 0.001), compared to patients with moderate COVID-19. Escalated levels of TCC and C4d during hospitalization were associated with a higher risk of 60-day mortality (p < 0.001), and C4d levels were additionally associated with chest CT changes at 3 months (p < 0.001). At 3 months and 1 year, we observed consistently elevated levels of most complement activation products compared to controls. Conclusion: Hospitalized COVID-19 patients display prominent and long-lasting systemic complement activation. Optimal targeting of the system may be achieved through enhanced risk stratification and closer monitoring of in-hospital changes of complement activation products.

• Mesinovic, Munib; Wong, Xin Ci; Rajahram, Giri Shan; Citarella, Barbara Wanjiru; Peariasamy, Kalaiarasu M. & Greve, Frank van Someren [Show all 1,671 contributors for this article] (2024). At-admission prediction of mortality and pulmonary embolism in an international cohort of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 using statistical and machine learning methods. Scientific Reports. 14(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-63212-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Trøseid, Marius; Holter, Jan Cato; Holm, Kristian; Vestad, Beate; Sazonova, Taisiia & Granerud, Beathe Kiland [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2023). Gut microbiota composition during hospitalization is associated with 60-day mortality after severe COVID-19. Critical Care. ISSN 1364-8535. 27(1). doi: 10.1186/s13054-023-04356-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Gut microbiota alterations have been reported in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, with reduced alpha diversity and altered microbiota composition related to respiratory failure. However, data regarding gut microbiota and mortality are scarce. Methods Rectal swabs for gut microbiota analyses were collected within 48 h after hospital admission (baseline; n = 123) and three-month post-admission (n = 50) in a subset of patients included in the Norwegian SARS-CoV2 cohort study. Samples were analysed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Gut microbiota diversity and composition at baseline were assessed in relation to need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission during hospitalization. The primary objective was to investigate whether the ICU-related gut microbiota was associated with 60-day mortality. Results Gut microbiota diversity (Shannon index) at baseline was lower in COVID-19 patients requiring ICU admission during hospitalization than in those managed in general wards. A dysbiosis index representing a balance of enriched and reduced taxa in ICU compared with ward patients, including decreased abundance of butyrate-producing microbes and enrichment of a partly oral bacterial flora, was associated with need of ICU admission independent of antibiotic use, dexamethasone use, chronic pulmonary disease, PO2/FiO2 ratio, C-reactive protein, neutrophil counts or creatinine levels (adjusted p < 0.001). The ICU-related dysbiosis index at baseline correlated with systemic inflammation and was associated with 60-day mortality in univariate analyses (Hazard ratio 3.70 [2.00–8.6], p < 0.001), as well as after separate adjustment for covariates. At the three-month follow-up, the dysbiosis index remained elevated in ICU patients compared with ward patients (adjusted p = 0.007). Conclusions Although our data should be regarded as exploratory due to low number of clinical end points, they suggest that gut microbiota alterations during hospitalization could be related to poor prognosis after severe COVID-19. Larger studies of gut involvement during COVID-19 in relation to long-term clinical outcome are warranted.

• Murphy, Sarah Louise Mikalsen; Halvorsen, Bente; Holter, Jan Cato; Huse, Camilla; Tveita, Anders & Trøseid, Marius [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2023). Circulating markers of extracellular matrix remodelling in severe COVID-19 patients. Journal of Internal Medicine. ISSN 0954-6820. 294(6), p. 784–797. doi: 10.1111/joim.13725. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Abnormal remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has generally been linked to pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis and may also play a role in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. To further elucidate the role of ECM remodelling and excessive fibrogenesis in severe COVID-19, we examined circulating levels of mediators involved in various aspects of these processes in COVID-19 patients.<p> <p>Methods Serial blood samples were obtained from two cohorts of hospitalised COVID-19 patients (n = 414). Circulating levels of ECM remodelling mediators were quantified by enzyme immunoassays in samples collected during hospitalisation and at 3-month follow-up. Samples were related to disease severity (respiratory failure and/or treatment at the intensive care unit), 60-day total mortality and pulmonary pathology after 3-months. We also evaluated the direct effect of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 on the release of the different ECM mediators in relevant cell lines. <p>Results Several of the measured markers were associated with adverse outcomes, notably osteopontin (OPN), S100 calcium-binding protein A12 and YKL-40 were associated with disease severity and mortality. High levels of ECM mediators during hospitalisation were associated with computed tomography thorax pathology after 3-months. Some markers (i.e. growth differential factor 15, galectin 3 and matrix metalloproteinase 9) were released from various relevant cell lines (i.e. macrophages and lung cell lines) in vitro after exposure to inactivated SARS-CoV-2 suggesting a direct link between these mediators and the causal agent of COVID-19. <p>Conclusion Our findings highlight changes to ECM remodelling and particularly a possible role of OPN, S100A12 and YKL-40 in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19.

• Granerud, Beathe Kiland; Ueland, Thor; Lind, Andreas; Søraas, Arne Vasli; Fevang, Børre & Steffensen, Anne Katrine [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2022). Omicron Variant Generates a Higher and More Sustained Viral Load in Nasopharynx and Saliva Than the Delta Variant of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses. 14(11). doi: 10.3390/v14112420. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 spreads more easily than earlier variants, possibly as a result of a higher viral load in the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity. Hence, we investigated whether the Omicron variant generates a higher viral load than that of the Delta variant in saliva and nasopharynx. Both specimens were collected from 52 Omicron and 17 Delta cases at two time points one week apart and analyzed by qRT-PCR. Viral load was measured as 10 log RNA genome copies per 1000 human cells according to the WHO reference standard. We found that Omicron cases carried a higher viral load and had more sustained viral shedding compared to the Delta cases, especially in the nasopharynx.

• Garcia-Gallo, Esteban; Merson, Laura; Kennon, Kalynn; Kelly, Sadie; Citarella, Barbara Wanjiru & Fryer, Daniel Vidali [Show all 1,775 contributors for this article] (2022). ISARIC-COVID-19 dataset: A Prospective, Standardized, Global Dataset of Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19. Scientific Data. 9(1). doi: 10.1038/s41597-022-01534-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 dataset is one of the largest international databases of prospectively collected clinical data on people hospitalized with COVID-19. This dataset was compiled during the COVID-19 pandemic by a network of hospitals that collect data using the ISARIC-World Health Organization Clinical Characterization Protocol and data tools. The database includes data from more than 705,000 patients, collected in more than 60 countries and 1,500 centres worldwide. Patient data are available from acute hospital admissions with COVID-19 and outpatient follow-ups. The data include signs and symptoms, pre-existing comorbidities, vital signs, chronic and acute treatments, complications, dates of hospitalization and discharge, mortality, viral strains, vaccination status, and other data. Here, we present the dataset characteristics, explain its architecture and how to gain access, and provide tools to facilitate its use.

• Tveita, Anders Aune; Murphy, Sarah Louise Mikalsen; Holter, Jan Cato; Kildal, Anders Benjamin; Michelsen, Annika Elisabet & Lerum, Tøri Vigeland [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2022). High Circulating Levels of the Homeostatic Chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 Predict Mortality and Disease Severity in COVID-19. Journal of Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0022-1899. 226(12), p. 2150–2160. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiac313. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Immune dysregulation is a major factor in the development of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 have been implicated as mediators of tissue inflammation, but data on their regulation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is limited. We thus investigated the levels of these chemokines in COVID-19 patients. Methods Serial blood samples were obtained from patients hospitalized with COVID-19 (n = 414). Circulating CCL19 and CCL21 levels during hospitalization and 3-month follow-up were analyzed. In vitro assays and analysis of RNAseq data from public repositories were performed to further explore possible regulatory mechanisms. Results A consistent increase in circulating levels of CCL19 and CCL21 was observed, with high levels correlating with disease severity measures, including respiratory failure, need for intensive care, and 60-day all-cause mortality. High levels of CCL21 at admission were associated with persisting impairment of pulmonary function at the 3-month follow-up. Conclusions Our findings highlight CCL19 and CCL21 as markers of immune dysregulation in COVID-19. This may reflect aberrant regulation triggered by tissue inflammation, as observed in other chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Determination of the source and regulation of these chemokines and their effects on lung tissue is warranted to further clarify their role in COVID-19.

• Trøseid, Marius; Dahl, Tuva Børresdatter; Holter, Jan Cato; Kildal, Anders Benjamin; Murphy, Sarah Louise Mikalsen & Yang, Kuan [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2022). Persistent T-cell exhaustion in relation to prolonged pulmonary pathology and death after severe COVID-19: Results from two Norwegian cohort studies. Journal of Internal Medicine. ISSN 0954-6820. 292(5), p. 816–828. doi: 10.1111/joim.13549. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: T-cell activation is associated with an adverse outcome in COVID-19, but whether T-cell activation and exhaustion relate to persistent respiratory dysfunction and death is unknown. Objectives: To investigate whether T-cell activation and exhaustion persist and are associated with prolonged respiratory dysfunction and death after hospitalization for COVID-19. Methods: Plasma and serum from two Norwegian cohorts of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (n = 414) were analyzed for soluble (s) markers of T-cell activation (sCD25) and exhaustion (sTim-3) during hospitalization and follow-up. Results: Both markers were strongly associated with acute respiratory failure, but only sTim-3 was independently associated with 60-day mortality. Levels of sTim-3 remained elevated 3 and 12 months after hospitalization and were associated with pulmonary radiological pathology after 3 months. Conclusion: Our findings suggest prolonged T-cell exhaustion is an important immunological sequela, potentially related to long-term outcomes after severe COVID-19.

• Furuseth, May-Tove; Kvissel, Anne Katrine; Berg, Vivian; Kjøbli, Eli; Volden, Vivi & Solli, Ann Iren [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Praksisstudienes omfang og organisering i bioingeniørutdanningen. Bioingeniøren. ISSN 0801-6828. 8(8), p. 24–29. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Siden 2005 har omfang og innhold i bioingeniørutdanningen vært definert av en nasjonal rammeplan for å sikre likeverdig sluttkompetanse for alle kandidater. Fra 2019 ble en ny forskrift om nasjonale retningslinjer fastsatt. Både tidligere rammeplan og nye retningslinjer har regulert læringsutbyttene og omfang av praksis i utdanningen. I denne studien kartlegges omfang og organisering av praksisstudiene ved de ulike studieprogrammene, dette for å undersøke forskjeller og likheter og tilrettelegge for at studiestedene kan lære av hverandre. Det er innhentet data fra hvert studieprogram for omfang og organisering av veiledet intern praksis, ekstern praksis samt bacheloroppgaven. Dette ble kartlagt for alle studiestedene før og etter innføring av nye retningslinjer. Resultatene viser ulikheter i omfang og organisering av praksisstudiene og bacheloroppgaven mellom studieprogrammene i Norge og da særlig i organisering av intern praksis. De nye retningslinjene åpner samtidig opp for en videre fortolkning av praksisbegrepet og av krav til omfang og organisering av praksis. For å sikre likeverdig sluttkompetanse for ferdigutdannede, uavhengig av studiested, er det behov for i større grad enes om hva som gir tilstrekkelig omfang og god kvalitet i praksis i bioingeniørutdanningen. Denne deskriptive studien viser behov for videre forskningssamarbeid mellom studiestedene, for å utvikle en bioingeniørutdanning av best mulig kvalitet for fremtiden.

• Søraas, Arne Vasli; Grødeland, Gunnveig; Granerud, Beathe Kiland; Ueland, Thor; Lind, Andreas & Fevang, Børre [Show all 32 contributors for this article] (2022). Breakthrough infections with the omicron and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 result in similar re-activation of vaccine-induced immunity. Frontiers in Immunology. 13:964525, p. 1–12. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.964525. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Results showing that sera from double vaccinated individuals have minimal neutralizing activity against Omicron have been interpreted as indicating the need for a third vaccine dose for protection. However, there is little information about early immune responses to Omicron infection in double vaccinated individuals. Methods: We measured inflammatory mediators, antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins, and spike peptide-induced release of interferon gamma in whole blood in 51 double-vaccinated individuals infected with Omicron, in 14 infected with Delta, and in 18 healthy controls. The median time points for the first and second samples were 7 and 14 days after symptom onset, respectively. Findings: Infection with Omicron or Delta led to a rapid and similar increase in antibodies to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of Omicron protein and spike peptide-induced interferon gamma in whole blood. Both the Omicron- and the Delta-infected patients had a mild and transient increase in inflammatory parameters. Interpretation: The results suggest that two vaccine doses are sufficient to mount a rapid and potent immune response upon infection in healthy individuals of with the Omicron variant.

• Gonçalves, Bronner P.; Hall, Matthew; Jassat, Waasila; Balan, Valeria; Murthy, Srinivas & Kartsonaki, Christiana [Show all 50 contributors for this article] (2022). An international observational study to assess the impact of the Omicron variant emergence on the clinical epidemiology of COVID-19 in hospitalised patients. eLIFE. 11. doi: 10.7554/eLife.80556. Full text in Research Archive
• Reyes, Luis Felipe; Murthy, Srinivas; Garcia-Gallo, Esteban; Merson, Laura; Ibáñez-Prada, Elsa D. & Rello, Jordi [Show all 51 contributors for this article] (2022). Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study. Critical Care. ISSN 1364-8535. 26(1). doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04155-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Gohli, Jostein; Brantsæter, Arne Broch; Bøifot, Kari Oline; Grub, Carola; Granerud, Beathe Kiland & Holter, Jan Cato [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). SARS-CoV-2 in the Air Surrounding Patients during Nebulizer Therapy. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. ISSN 1712-9532. 2022. doi: 10.1155/2022/9297974. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Nebulizer therapy is commonly used for patients with obstructive pulmonary disease or acute pulmonary infections with signs of obstruction. It is considered a “potential aerosol-generating procedure,” and the risk of disease transmission to health care workers is uncertain. The aim of this pilot study was to assess whether nebulizer therapy in hospitalized COVID-19 patients is associated with increased dispersion of SARS-CoV-2. Air samples collected prior to and during nebulizer therapy were analyzed by RT-PCR and cell culture. Total aerosol particle concentrations were also quantified. Of 13 patients, seven had quantifiable virus in oropharynx samples, and only two had RT-PCR positive air samples. For both these patients, air samples collected during nebulizer therapy had higher SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations compared to control air samples. Also, for particle sizes 0.3–5 µm, particle concentrations were significantly higher during nebulizer therapy than in controls. We were unable to cultivate virus from any of the RT-PCR positive air samples, and it is therefore unknown if the detected virus were replication-competent; however, the significant increase in smaller particles, which can remain airborne for extended periods of time, and increased viral RNA concentrations during treatment may indicate that nebulizer therapy is associated with increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

• Michaelsen, Terje Einar; Emilsen, Sidsel; Sandin, Randi Helene; Granerud, Beathe Kiland; Bratlie, Diane Lynn Bryant & Ihle, Øistein [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Human secretory IgM antibodies activate human complement and offer protection at mucosal surface. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0300-9475. 83(1), p. 43–50. doi: 10.1111/sji.12508. Full text in Research Archive
• Lasch, Peter; Wahab, Tara; Weil, Sandra; Pályi, Bernadett; Tomaso, Herbert & Zange, Sabine [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2015). Identification of highly pathogenic microorganisms by use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectometry: results of an interlaboratory ring trial. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. ISSN 0095-1137. 53(8), p. 2632–2640. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00813-15. Full text in Research Archive
• Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete; Langerud, Beathe Kiland; Rasmussen, Henrik; Olsen, Trude Karin; Austarheim, Ingvild & Grønhaug, Tom Erik [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2013). Pectic polysaccharides isolated from Malian medicinal plants protect against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse pneumococcal infection model. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0300-9475. 77(5), p. 372–388. doi: 10.1111/sji.12047. Full text in Research Archive
• Michaelsen, Terje Einar; Andreasson, Ida Karine Granli; Langerud, Beathe Kiland & Caugant, Dominique A (2011). Similar Superantigen Gene Profiles and Superantigen Activity in Norwegian Isolates of Invasive and Non-Invasive Group A Streptococci. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0300-9475. 74(5), p. 423–429. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02594.x. Full text in Research Archive

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• Granerud, Beathe Kiland (2025). Profesjonsetikk - hvorfor skal vi bry oss om det? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Deontologisk etikk (Kant), konsekvensetikk (utilitarismen), dydsetikk (Aristoteles), biomedisinsk etikk, dyder i helseprofesjoner, SME-modellen for etisk refleksjon.

• Granerud, Beathe Kiland (2025). Bioteknologi i praksis - erfaringer fra en bioingeniør. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bioingeniørers arbeidshverdag, real-time PCR, sekvensering.

• Granerud, Beathe Kiland (2024). From young researchers’ point of view – what works and not when setting up NGS. Full text in Research Archive
• Stenseth, Else Berit; Wergeland, Line; Granerud, Beathe Kiland; Syversen, Linda; Andersen, Heidi & Ersvær, Elisabeth (2023). Conditions for Communication, information and collaboration Between Higher education and healthcare Institutions organising clinical placements: The Biomedical Laboratory Scientists Perspectives. Full text in Research Archive
• Granerud, Beathe Kiland (2021). Kampen om livet - samspillet mellom mennesker og mikrober. Full text in Research Archive
• Bratlie, Diane Lynn Bryant; Ihle, Øistein; Langerud, Beathe Kiland & Michaelsen, Terje Einar (2011). Innate Immune Receptors-Fusion Proteins as Tools for Interaction Studies with Pectic Carbohydrates Isolated from Malian Medicinal Plants. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0300-9475. 73(4), p. 361–361. Full text in Research Archive
• Langerud, Beathe Kiland; Inngjerdingen, Kari Tvete; Rasmussen, Henrik; Olsen, Trude Karin; Austarheim, Ingvild & Aaberge, Ingeborg Sundsvalen [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2011). Pectic Polysaccharides Isolated from Malian Medicinal Plants can Prevent Bacteraemia and Clinical Symptoms in a Mouse Pneumococcal Infection Model. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. ISSN 0300-9475. 73(4), p. 390–390. Full text in Research Archive
• Michaelsen, Terje Einar; Emilsen, S; Sandlie, I; Bratlie, Diane Lynn Bryant; Langerud, Beathe Kiland & Ihle, Øistein (2009). Human secretory IgM and serum IgM can activate complement equally well. Full text in Research Archive

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