Nicolae Lucian Mihet

• Ganesan, Manikandan; Kandhasamy, Sivanathan; Chokkalingam, Bharatiraja & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2024). A Comprehensive Review on Deep Learning-Based Motion Planning and End-To-End Learning for Self-Driving Vehicle. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3394869. Full text in Research Archive
• CHITTOOR, PRITHVI KRISHNA; Chokkalingam, Bharatiraja; Verma, Rajesh & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2023). An Assessment of Shortest Prioritized Path-Based Bidirectional Wireless Charging Approach Toward Smart Agriculture. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 11, p. 123742–123755. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3329976. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The agriculture sector has witnessed a transformation with the advent of smart sensing devices, leading to improved crop yield and quality. However, the management of data collection from numerous sensors across vast agricultural areas, as well as the associated charging requirements, presents significant challenges. This paper addresses the major research problem by proposing an innovative solution for charging agricultural sensors. The introduction of an energy-constrained device (ECD) enables wireless charging and transmission of soil data to a centralized server. The proposed ECDs will enable enhanced data collection, precision agriculture, optimized resource allocation, timely decision-making, and remote monitoring and control. A bidirectional wireless charging drone is employed to efficiently charge the ECDs. To optimize energy usage, a prioritized Dijkstra algorithm determines the ECDs to be charged and plans the shortest route for the drone. The wireless charging drone landing-charging station achieves an efficiency of 91.3%, delivering 72 W of power within a 5 mm range. Furthermore, the ECD possesses a data transmission range of 100 m and incorporates deep sleep functionality, allowing for a remarkable 30-day battery life.

• Kumar, V. Manoj; Chokkalingham, Bharatiraja & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2023). Mitigation of Complexity in Charging Station Allocation for EVs Using Chaotic Harris Hawks Optimization Charge Scheduling Algorithm. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 11, p. 130466–130482. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3334672. Full text in Research Archive
• Jeyaraj, Pandia Rajan; Nadar, Edward & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2023). Deep-Block Network for Cyberattack Mitigation and Assessment in Smart Grid Power System with Resilience Indices. Electric power components and systems. ISSN 1532-5008. 51(0). doi: 10.1080/15325008.2023.2268073. Full text in Research Archive
• R, Ranjith Kumar; Chokkalingam, Bharatiraja; K, Udhayakumar; S, Deva Kirubakaran; Sekar, Sathiya & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2023). Advances in Batteries, Battery Modeling, Battery Management System, Battery Thermal Management, SOC, SOH, and Charge/Discharge Characteristics in EV Applications. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 11, p. 105761–105809. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3318121. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The second-generation hybrid and Electric Vehicles are currently leading the paradigm shift in the automobile industry, replacing conventional diesel and gasoline-powered vehicles. The Battery Management System is crucial in these electric vehicles and also essential for renewable energy storage systems. This review paper focuses on batteries and addresses concerns, difficulties, and solutions associated with them. It explores key technologies of Battery Management System, including battery modeling, state estimation, and battery charging. A thorough analysis of numerous battery models, including electric, thermal, and electro-thermal models, is provided in the article. Additionally, it surveys battery state estimations for a charge and health. Furthermore, the different battery charging approaches and optimization methods are discussed. The Battery Management System performs a wide range of tasks, including as monitoring voltage and current, estimating charge and discharge, equalizing and protecting the battery, managing temperature conditions, and managing battery data. It also looks at various cell balancing circuit types, current and voltage stressors, control reliability, power loss, efficiency, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The paper also discusses research gaps in battery management systems.

• Ramu, Priyadharshini; Gangatharan, Sivasankar; Rangasamy, Sankar & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2023). Categorization of Loads in Educational Institutions to Effectively Manage Peak Demand and Minimize Energy Cost Using an Intelligent Load Management Technique. Sustainability. ISSN 2071-1050. 15(16). doi: 10.3390/su151612209.
• R, Priyadharshini Ramu; Gangatharan, Sivasankar; Rangasamy, Sankar & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2023). Categorization of Loads in Educational Institutions to Effectively Manage Peak Demand and Minimize Energy Cost Using Intelligent Load Management Technique. Sustainability. ISSN 2071-1050.
• Rahman, Obaidur; Ali, Arif; Hussain, Ahmad; Khan, Shakeb Ahmad; Tariq, Mohd & Urooj, Shabana [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Investigation of CeO2 Nanoparticles on the Performance En-hancement of Insulating Oils. Heliyon. ISSN 2405-8440. 9(9). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19264. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Integrating nanotechnology in dielectric fluid significantly inhibits losses and boosts overall dielectric fluid performance. There has been research done on the effects of introducing various nanoparticles, such as titania, alumina, silica nanodiamonds, etc. In this paper, a novel nanoparticle, Ceria (CeO2), has been used, and its properties were examined using the FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectrum, the XRD (X-ray Diffrac-tion) spectrum, the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and the TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy). This paper illustrates an efficient dielectric fluid prepared by the successful dispersion of Cerium Oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles in various concentrations into four commercial oils, namely mineral oil, rapeseed oil, synthetic ester oil, and soybean oil, to enhance and improve their dielectric characteristics. The performance investigation emphasises breakdown strength enhancement and other dielectric properties of the colloidal solution comprising different nanoparticle (NP) concentrations. Various commercial oils are used as a base in nano-oil to diversify their applicability as dielectric fluids by measuring the correlation in dielectric parame-ters and statistically assessing their applicability with normal and Weibull distributions. The obtained ex-perimental data sets were analysed using the Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox in MATLAB. The aging measurement has been done only on mineral oil, and results were matched using a predictive model of statistics and the Machine Learning Toolbox in MATLAB. Well-dispersed CeO2 NPs in the insulating oils lead to a significant increase in AC breakdown strength. The effect of ageing on the dielectric properties of nano oils yields better results than conventionally aged oil. It has been observed that the breakdown voltage is enhanced by up to 30 % for mineral oil at an optimal concentration of 0.01 g/L, 9% for synthetic ester oil at 0.03 g/L, 18% for rapeseed oil at 0.02 g/L, and 19% for soybean oil at 0.03 g/L nanoparticle concentration. Following the dispersion of CeO2 nanoparticles, the dielectric constant of all insulating oils has also signifi-cantly improved. The overall experimental results are promising and show the potential of the CeO2 NPs-based nano oil as an efficient and highly performing dielectric oil for different power applications.

• Aravind, R.; Chokkalingam, Bharatiraja & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2023). A Transformerless Non-Isolated Multi-Port DC-DC Converter for Hybrid Energy Applications. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 11, p. 52050–52065. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3280195. Full text in Research Archive
• S., Devakirubakaran; Verma, Rajesh; Chokkalingam, Bharatiraja & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2023). Performance Evaluation of Static PV Array Configurations for Mitigating Mismatch Losses. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 11, p. 47725–47749. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3274684. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are susceptible to power loss caused by environmental factors such as partial shading and temperature changes. To address this issue, PV modules are connected in array configurations. However, these configurations can lead to mismatch losses between the PV rows, which reduce power output. While there are many solutions to mitigate these losses, the performance of each solution can vary depending on the environmental conditions and the array configuration logic. This research paper evaluates the performance of fifteen existing static PV array configuration techniques under various shading patterns. We analyze the mathematical formulation and logic used behind each configuration, as well as the shade dispersion rate, power generation, power losses, advantages, and disadvantages. Our analysis includes a MATLAB/Simulink® model of a 5×5 array for each configuration under different shading patterns. The performance of consistent and best configurations is also evaluated in a real-time environment. The results categorize each configuration as consistent, best, average, or poor. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the different PV array configurations and their performance, which can help in selecting the optimal configuration for specific environmental conditions.

• Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Ahmed, Ibrahim & Pedersen, Andreas (2023). Hierarchical Control of an Islanded AC Micro Grid Using FS-MPC and an EMS. In Mihet-Popa, Lucian (Eds.), SMART GRIDS TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS. IntechOpen. ISSN 978-1-80355-685-7. p. 20–47. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.110815. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Microgrids and distributed energy resources (DERs) are gaining popularity owing to their efficient operation, autonomy, and dependability. Microgrids provide several new opportunities, one of which is the ability to deliver electricity continuously, even in the event of a grid failure. This chapter will first describe the modeling of DER components in a microgrid, with each component using Finite Set-Model Predictive Control (FS-MPC) for controlling the inverters to be robust, to have a fast response, to account for multiple objectives, and to eliminate manual tuning. In addition, droop control will be used to provide a voltage reference for the FS-MPC. The PV-inverter will operate as a grid- forming inverter, while the other inverters will serve as grid-feeding inverters. The proposed inverter models are validated using simulations. The microgrid has been modeled using MATLAB-Simulink software package. A supervisory controller for energy management system of the microgrid to operate in different power flows through the proposed control algorithm has also been designed. The simulation results show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller during dynamic performance and transients, and the developed energy management system algorithm successfully controlled the power flow to ensure continuous power delivery to the load under all circumstances.

• Ali, Muhammad; Farooq, Ajmal; Khan, Muhammad Qasim; Khan, Muhammad Mansoor & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2023). Analysis of Asymmetric Hybrid Modular Multilevel Topology for Medium-Voltage Front-End Converter Applications. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 16(4). doi: 10.3390/en16041572.
• Jasim, Ali M.; Jasim, Basil H.; Flah, Aymen; Bolshev, Vadim & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2023). A new optimized demand management system for smart grid-based residential buildings adopting renewable and storage energies. Energy Reports. ISSN 2352-4847. 9, p. 4018–4035. doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2023.03.038. Full text in Research Archive
• Srilakshmi, Koganti; Sujatha, Canavoy Narahari; Balachandran, Praveen Kumar; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Kumar, Naluguru Udaya (2022). Optimal Design of an Artificial Intelligence Controller for Solar-Battery Integrated UPQC in Three Phase Distribution Networks. Sustainability. ISSN 2071-1050. 14(21). doi: 10.3390/su142113992.
• Khan, Suhaib Ahmad; Tariq, Mohd; Khan, Asfar Ali; Urooj, Shabana & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2022). An Experimental Study and Statistical Analysis on the Electrical Properties of Synthetic Ester-Based Nanofluids. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 15(23). doi: 10.3390/en15239127. Full text in Research Archive
• Khan, Suhaib Ahmad; Tariq, Mohd; Khan, Asfar Ali; Urooj, Shabana & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2022). An Experimental Study and Statistical Analysis on the Dielectric Properties of ZnO and CuO-Based Synthetic Ester Nanofluids. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 15(23). doi: 10.3390/en15239127. Full text in Research Archive
• Badini, Sai Shiva; Verma, Vimlesh; Tariq, Mohd; Urooj, Shabana & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2022). Performance of a Vector-Controlled PMSM Drive without Using Current Sensors. Mathematics. ISSN 2227-7390. 10(23). doi: 10.3390/math10234623. Full text in Research Archive
• Alwar, Srinivasan; Samithas, Devakirubakaran; Boominathan, Meenakshi Sundaram; Balachandran, Praveen Kumar & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2022). Performance Analysis of Thermal Image Processing-Based Photovoltaic Fault Detection and PV Array Reconfiguration—A Detailed Experimentation. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 15(22). doi: 10.3390/en15228450. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Due to the flexibility, sustainability, affordability, and ease of installation of solar photovoltaic systems, their use has significantly increased over the past two decades. The performance of a solar PV system can be constrained by a variety of external conditions, including hotspots, partial shade, and other minor faults. This causes the PV system to permanently fail and power losses. The power output in a partially shaded solar system is improved in this work by the introduction of a fault classifier based on thermal image analysis with a reconfiguration algorithm. For that purpose, the entire PV array is divided into two parts, with one of these being the male part and the other being the female part. MOSFET switches are used to build the switching matrix circuit that connects these parts. The Flir T420bx thermal camera captures thermal pictures, and MATLAB/Simulink® is used to extract the image properties. The pairing reconfiguration pattern is found using an algorithm based on image processing and the image attributes. The switching signals to the switching circuit are triggered by an Arduino controller. The image attributes of the thermal images may also be used to categorize PV system defects. This reconfiguration technique is easy, simple to use, and it can also be used to check the health of each PV module. The performance of the proposed work was validated using a 5 kW PV system with a 4 × 5 TCT array configuration at Sethu Institute of Technology’s renewable energy lab in India. The proposed method was simulated using the MATLAB-Simulink software program, and the outcomes were verified on different hardware setups.

• Srivastava, Ankit Kumar; Tripathi, Saurabh Mani; Kumar, Sachin; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai; Gangatharan, Sivasankar & Kumar, Dinesh [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Machine Learning Approach for Forecast Analysis of Novel COVID-19 Scenarios in India. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 10, p. 95106–95124. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3204804. Full text in Research Archive
• Vankadara, Sampath Kumar; Chatterjee, Shamik; Balachandran, Praveen Kumar & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2022). Marine Predator Algorithm (MPA)-Based MPPT Technique for Solar PV Systems under Partial Shading Conditions. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 15(17). doi: 10.3390/en15176172. Full text in Research Archive
• Harini, S.; Chellammal, N.; Chokkalingam, Bharatiraja & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2022). A Novel High Gain Dual Input Single Output Z-Quasi Resonant (ZQR) DC/DC Converter for Off-Board EV Charging. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 10, p. 83350–83367. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3195936. Full text in Research Archive
• Mohanraj, Deepak; Gopalakrishnan, Janaki; Chokkalingam, Bharatiraja & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2022). Critical Aspects of Electric Motor Drive Controllers and Mitigation of Torque Ripple - Review. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 10, p. 73635–73674. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3187515. Full text in Research Archive
• Repalle, Naveena Bhargavi; Sarala, Pullacheri; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Kotha, Shashidhar Reddy & Rajeswaran, Nagalingam (2022). Implementation of a Novel Tabu Search Optimization Algorithm to Extract Parasitic Parameters of Solar Panel. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 15(13). doi: 10.3390/en15134515. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  : The aging of PV cells reduces their electrical performance i.e., the parasitic parameters are introduced in the solar panel. The shunt resistance (RSh), series resistance (RS), photo current (IPh), diode current (Id), and diffusion constant (a1) are known as parasitic or extraction parameters. Cracks and hotspots reduce the performance of PV cells and result in poor V–I characteristics. Certain tests are carried out over a long period of time to determine the quality of solar cells; for example, 1000 h of testing is comparable to 20 years of operation. The extraction of solar parameters is important for PV modules. The Tabu Search Optimization (TSO) algorithm is a robust meta-heuristic algorithm that was employed in this study for the extraction of parasitic parameters. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and a Genetic lgorithm (GA), as well as other well-known optimization methods, were used to test the proposed method's correctness. The other approaches included the lightning search algorithm (LSA), gravitational search algorithm (GSA), and pattern search (PS). It can be concluded that the TSO approach extracts all six parameters in a reasonably short period of time. The work presented in this paper was developed and analyzed using a MATLAB-Simulink software environment.

• Oliver, Jeba Singh; David, Prince Winston; Balachandran, Praveen Kumar & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2022). Analysis of Grid-Interactive PV-Fed BLDC Pump Using Optimized MPPT in DC–DC Converters. Sustainability. ISSN 2071-1050. 14(12). doi: 10.3390/su14127205. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In solar photovoltaic (PV) system-based Brushless DC (BLDC) motors for water pumping application, the role of DC/DC converters is very important. In order to extract the maximum power from the PV array, an efficient DC/DC converter is essential at the intermediate stage. In this work, different DC/DC converter topologies suitable for BLDC motors are proposed. The converters are supported by an optimized maximum power point tracking system to provide a reliable operation. Recent optimization algorithms such as fuzzy logic, perturb and observe, grey wolf, and whale optimization are implemented with the PI controller in maximum power point tracking to maximize the conversion efficiency. The obtained results using SEPIC, LUO, and interleaved LUO converters provide a comparative study in the case of converter output, motor parameters, and grid output. The performance analysis on three different converters and multiple optimization methods are carried out. By analyzing the performance of different converter topologies, the interleaved LUO converter outperforms the other two converters with the results of a voltage gain ratio of 1:22, conversion efficiency of 98.3%, and grid current THD of 2.9%. Moreover, regarding the power quality aspect, the total harmonic distortion of the grid current is maintained below the IEEE-519 standard. In addition, the developed system has an advantage of operating both in stand-alone and grid-connected operation modes.

• Mohanraj, Deepak; Aruldavid, Ranjeev; Verma, Rajesh; Sathiyasekar, K.; Barnawi, Abdulwasa B. & Chokkalingam, Bharatiraja [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). A Review of BLDC Motor: State of Art, Advanced Control Techniques, and Applications. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 10, p. 54833–54869. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3175011. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The shortage of biofuel and the high tailpipe emission from vehicles demand the adoption of green energy. The development of Electric Vehicles (EVs) represents a watershed moment in the effort to go green. The EVs have a low mileage range and are expensive due to the sophisticated design and control mechanism of motors, which has hampered their popularity. Recently the interest in developing the new age EV grade motors with high dynamic characteristics is increased. This paper reviews the recent advancements in EV motors, Control techniques, and the challenges of various e-motors. The technical performance and cost of different electric motors (e-motors) used in EVs are compared, and the challenges are listed. The Permanent magnet brushless DC motor (PMBLDC) provides high torque density, Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) delivers high efficiency, and switched reluctance motor (SRM) has a low cost however all of these have high torque ripple, and though the Induction motor (IM) has the advantage of low ripple and low cost, nevertheless the efficiency is poor. In addition to a detailed electric motor (e-motor) design process, future research possibilities in achieving long-range and low costs are also stated.

• Khan, Suhaib Ahmad; Tariq, Mohd; Khan, Asfar Ali; Alamri, Basem & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2022). Influence of Area and Volume Effect on Dielectric Behaviour of the Mineral Oil-Based Nanofluids. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 15(9). doi: 10.3390/en15093354. Full text in Research Archive
• Rajeswaran, Nagalingam; Rajesh, Thangaraj; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Krishna, K.Vamshi & Özer, Özen (2022). FPGA Implementation of AI-Based Inverter IGBT Open Circuit Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motor Drives. Micromachines. ISSN 2072-666X. 13(5). doi: 10.3390/mi13050663. Full text in Research Archive
• Indrajayanthan, Venkatraman; Mohanty, Nalin Kant; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2022). Investigation on current and prospective energy transition scenario in Indian landscape using integrated SWOT-MCDA methodology. Sustainability. ISSN 2071-1050. 14(9). doi: 10.3390/su14094940. Full text in Research Archive
• Khatoon, Shabana; Khan, Asfar Ali; Tariq, Mohd; Alamri, Basem & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2022). Flashover Voltage Prediction Models under Agricultural and Biological Contaminated Condition on Insulators. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 15(4). doi: 10.3390/en15041297. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The flashover performance of contaminated insulators highly depends on the type of pollutant and its present concentration. In this paper, important agricultural salts (NaCl, K2SO4, NaHCO3, CaSO4, KHCO3, MgSO4, NH4), 2Fe (SO4)2 , 6H2O (ferrous ammonium sulphate, dust and urea) at different concentration and biological contaminants such as algae and fungi were taken as pollutants, and AC flashover behaviour of porcelain cap and pin type insulator polluted with these two different pollutants was investigated. The experiment was carried out by a semi-natural method wherein the insulator was first polluted artificially thereafter natural fog was applied to measure the wet flashover voltage. Test results indicate that the flashover voltages were affected by both soluble salts and non-soluble components deposit on the insulator surface. In case of thick contaminated layer non-soluble deposits greatly reduced the flashover voltage. Moreover, by using regression analysis four empirical models based on different variables have been developed. The empirical models developed in the present work represent a good degree of relation to predicting the flash-over voltage of naturally contaminated insulators.

• Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai; Pugazhendhi, Rishi; Irfan, Muhammad; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Khan, Irfan Ahmad & Campana, Pietro Elia (2022). State-of-the-art sustainable approaches for deeper decarbonization in Europe – An endowment to climate neutral vision. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. ISSN 1364-0321. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112204. Show summary

  This study reviews the effective decarbonization strategies in the context of Europe’s climate neutral vision. Initially, the study analyzes the reasons for ever-increasing emissions and investigates the perception of decarbonization in line with various influencing factors such as population size, economic growth, energy intensity, emission intensity, innovation, affordability and time. Subsequently, an in-depth qualitative analysis is performed to force out challenges that Europe faces in decarbonizing the heating sector from the aspects, such as using clean energy resources, effective heat energy conversion and management approaches. Sustainable approaches and practices are proposed to mitigate carbonization and to promote carbon sink in line with the major problems associated with various sectors. This study also reviews various decarbonization policies that can direct the governments’ action to effectively make a transition towards a climate-neutral society. The key findings highlight that solar energy utilization in small-scale is relatively not preferable for heat energy conversion due to climatic conditions, while district heating network with bio- and geothermal energy resource highly favors clean heat transformation scenario. In addition, 3D printing has a prodigious role to reduce building lifecycle emissions and hybrid policies as well as reward-based policies yields better outcomes. Promoting hydrogen utilization and carbon capture storage and utilization technologies can pivot climate neutrality in the sectors that are difficult to decarbonize. On the other hand, it can be observed that more focus is provided to reduce emissions and significantly less attention is focused on carbon sink.

• Riaz, Muhammad; Ahmad, Sadiq; Hussain, Irshad; Naeem, Muhammad Asif & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2022). Probabilistic Optimization Techniques in Smart Power System. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 15(3). doi: 10.3390/en15030825. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Uncertainties are the most significant challenges in the smart power system, necessitating the use of precise techniques to deal with them properly. Such problems could be effectively solved using a probabilistic optimization strategy. It is further divided into stochastic, robust, distributionally robust, and chance-constrained optimizations. The topics of probabilistic optimization in smart power systems are covered in this review paper. In order to account for uncertainty in optimization processes, stochastic optimization is essential. Robust optimization is the most advanced approach to optimize a system under uncertainty, in which a deterministic, set-based uncertainty model is used instead of a stochastic one. The computational complexity of stochastic programming and the conservativeness of robust optimization are both reduced by distributionally robust optimization.Chance constrained algorithms help in solving the constraints optimization problems, where finite probability get violated. This review paper discusses microgrid and home energy management, demand-side management, unit commitment, microgrid integration, and economic dispatch as examples of applications of these techniques in smart power systems. Probabilistic mathematical models of different scenarios, for which deterministic approaches have been used in the literature, are also presented. Future research directions in a variety of smart power system domains are also presented.

• Khan, Suhaib Ahmad; Tariq, Mohd; Khan, Asfar Ali; Alamri, Basem & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2022). Assessment of Thermo-Physical Performance of Ester-Based Nanofluids for Enhanced Insulation Cooling in Transformers. Electronics. ISSN 2079-9292. 11(3). doi: 10.3390/electronics11030376. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Nanotechnology provides an effective way to upgrade the thermo physical characteris- 12 tics of dielectric oils and creates optimal transformer design. The properties of insulation materials 13 have a significant effect on the optimal transformer design. Ester based nanofluids (NF) are intro- 14 duced as an energy-efficient alternative to conventional mineral oils, and prepared by dispersing 15 nanoparticles in the base oil. This study presents the effect of nanoparticles on the thermo-physical 16 properties of pure natural ester (NE) and synthetic ester (SE) oils with temperature varied from 17 ambient up to 80 oC. A range of concentrations of Graphene oxide (GO) and TiO2 nanoparticles 18 were used in the study to upgrade the thermo physical properties of ester based oils. The experi- 19 ment for thermal conductivity and viscosity were performed using a TC-4 apparatus that follows 20 Debby’s concept, and redwood viscometer apparatus that follows the ASTM- D445 experimental 21 standard respectively. The experimental results show that nanoparticles have a positive effect on 22 thermal conductivity and viscosity of oils, while they reduce with increase in temperature

• Rajamoorthy, Rajasekaran; Saraswathi, Hemachandira V.; Devaraj, Jayanthi; Kasinathan, Padmanathan; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai & Arunachalam, Gokulalakshmi [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). A Hybrid Sailfish Whale Optimization and Deep Long Short-Term Memory (SWO-DLSTM) Model for Energy Efficient Autonomy in India by 2048. Sustainability. ISSN 2071-1050. 14(3). doi: 10.3390/su14031355. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In order to formulate the long-term and short-term development plans to meet the energy needs, there is a great demand for accurate energy forecasting. Most of the existing energy demand forecasting models predict the amount of energy at a regional or national scale and failed to forecast the demand for power generation for small-scale decentralized energy systems, like micro grids, buildings, and energy communities. Deep learning models play a vital role in accurately forecasting the energy de-mand. A novel model called Sail Fish Whale Optimization-based Deep Long Short- Term memory (SFWO-based Deep LSTM) to forecast electricity demand in the distribution systems is proposed. The proposed SFWO is designed by integrating the Sail Fish Optimizer (SFO) with the Whale Optimiza-tion Algorithm (WOA). The Hilbert-Schmidt Independence Criterion Lasso (HSIC) is applied on the dataset, which is collected from the Central electricity authority, Government of India, for selecting the optimal features using the technical indicators. The proposed algorithm was implemented in MATLAB software package and the study was done using real-time data. The feature selection pro-cess improves the accuracy of the proposed model by training the features using Deep LSTM. The results of the proposed model in terms of install capacity prediction, village electrified prediction, length of R & D lines prediction, hydro, coal, diesel, nuclear prediction, etc. are compared with the existing models. The proposed model achieves good accuracy with the average normalized Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) value of 4.4559. The hybrid approach provides improved accuracy for the prediction of energy demand in India by the year 2047.

• Venkatesh, Banala; Sankaramurthy, Padmini; Chokkalingam, Bharatiraja & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2022). Managing the demand in Smart Grid Based on Load shifting with Controllable Devices Using Hybrid WFS2ACSO Technique. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 15(3), p. 1–25. doi: 10.3390/en15030790. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Demand Side Management (DSM) introduced in Smart Grid (SG), which depends on load shifting with huge number of devices is presented in this work. The proposed hybrid strategy is the joint implementation of Wingsuit Flying Search (WFSA) algorithm and Artificial Cell Swarm Optimization (ACSO). The searching behavior of WFSA is enhanced by ACSO. Hence, it is named as WFS2ACSO. This technique aims at minimization of electricity bill, power consumption, and Peak Average Ratio (PAR). The daily load change method presented in this manuscript is utilized for defusing the minimization issues. The present method is performed in SG that constitutes three different types of loads on a residential area, a commercial area, and an industrial area. Simulation results demonstrate that the projected DSM methodology achieves considerable savings, as peak load demand of SG decreases. Further, the variation in PAR levels with and without the DSM methodology is also presented. The proposed model is executed on a MATLAB simulation platform with two case studies based on optimization methods like WFSA, WFS2ACSO). The results obtained present the hybridized algorithm effectiveness as compared with other trendsetting optimization techniques like Ant lion optimization (ALO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO).

• Zaman, Sakhi; Khan, Latif Ullah; Hussain, Irshad & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2022). Fast Computation of Highly Oscillatory ODE Problems: Applications in High Frequency Communication Circuits. Symmetry. ISSN 2073-8994. 14(1), p. 1–12. doi: 10.3390/sym14010115. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Two types of algorithms are presented to approximate highly oscillatory and non-oscillatory first order ordinary differential equations. In the first approach, radial basis function interpolation is used to approximate the function f(t,x), then quadrature method is used to evaluate the integral part of the equation. The method is implementable to non-oscillatory first order initial value problems. The second approach is more generic and can approximate highly oscillatory and non-oscillatory initial value problems. Accordingly, the first order initial value problem with oscillatory forcing term is transformed into an integral with oscillatory Fourier kernel. The transformed oscillatory integral is then evaluated numerically by the Levin collocation method. Finally, non-linear form of the initial value problems with oscillatory forcing term is converted into a linear form using Bernoulli’s transformation. The resulting linear oscillatory problem is then computed by the new approaches. To justify accuracy of the algorithms, few numerical examples are added from the literature.

• Islam, Md. Ariful; Singh, Jai Govind; Jahan, Israt; Lipu, M.S. Hossain; Jamal, Taskin & Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Modelling and Performance Evaluation of ANFIS Controller-Based Bidirectional Power Management Scheme in Plug-in Electric Vehicles Integrated with Electric Grid. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 9, p. 166762–166780. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3135190. Full text in Research Archive
• Rengasamy, Mageswaran; Gangatharan, Sivasankar; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2021). Incorporation of Microgrid Technology Solutions to Reduce Power Loss in a Distribution Network with Elimination of Inefficient Power Conversion Strategies . Sustainability. ISSN 2071-1050. 13(24). doi: 10.3390/su132413882. Full text in Research Archive
• Asif, Mohd; Tariq, Mohd; Sarwar, Adil; Hussan, Md. Reyaz; Ahmad, Shafiq F. & Mihet-Popa, Lucian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). A robust multilevel inverter topology for operation under fault conditions. Electronics. ISSN 2079-9292. 10(24), p. 1–18. doi: 10.3390/electronics10243099. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Multilevel inverters (MLIs) are new demanding topologies that have low total harmonic distortion (THD) and low voltage stress across the switches make them ideal for medium and high-power applications. The authenticity of semiconductor devices is one of the main concerns for these MLIs to operate properly. With an increment in the number of switches in multilevel inverters, the pos-sibility of the fault also arises. Hence, a reliable 5- level inverter topology with fault-tolerant ability has been proposed. The proposed topology can withstand against of Open Circuit (OC) fault caused when any single switch fails. The proposed configuration is fault-tolerant and reliable as compared to the conventional multilevel inverters. Simulation of the proposed topology is done in MATLAB-Simulink and PLECS software packages, and the results obtained for normal (pre-fault), during the fault, and post-fault conditions are discussed. Experimental results also prove the proposed cell topology's robustness and effectiveness in tolerating OC faults across the switches. Furthermore, a thorough comparison is provided to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed topology in comparison to recently published topologies that have fault-tolerant features

• Srivastava, A.K.; Pandey, Ajay Shekhar; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai; Subramaniam, Umashankar; Mekhilef, Saad & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2021). A Novel Hybrid Feature Selection Method for Day-Ahead Electricity Price Forecasting. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 14(24). doi: 10.3390/en14248455. Full text in Research Archive
• Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan; Pugazhendhi, Rishi; Irfan, Muhammad; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Campana, Pietro Elia & Khan, Irfan Ahmad (2021). A Novel Sustainable Development Goal 7 Composite Index as the Paradigm for Energy Sustainability Assessment: A Case Study from Europe. Applied Energy. ISSN 0306-2619. 307. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118173. Show summary

  The Sustainable Development Goal 7 endeavors to ameliorate the energy system towards sustainability. Moni-toring the country’s progress to the goal will be of utmost for the government to take suitable actions and thus, constructing a performance monitoring index for Sustainable Development Goal 7 would tune the pace of implementation. This study aims to develop a novel Sustainable Development Goal 7 or Energy Sustainability Composite Index to assess the energy sustainability performance. Since Europe tends to have diverged efforts towards energy sustainability, assessing them with the proposed Sustainable Development Goal 7 composite index would provide the evidence needed for effective sustainable development strategies. By describing Europe, the authors signify 40 European countries and the selection of country depends on the availability of all the data that are required for the energy sustainability assessment. In this study, the analyzed energy sustainability as-pects include clean energy conversion, energy security, energy accessibility, energy intensity and carbon in-tensity. The results show that Iceland, Norway, and Sweden tops in energy sustainability aspects with scores of 0.7313, 0.6967, and 0.6313 (on a scale of 0 to 1), respectively. The proposed Sustainable Development Goal 7 composite index is also compared with the actual Sustainable Development Goal 7 index, which comprises the indicators defined by the United Nations. The prime difference between the proposed Sustainable Development Goal 7 composite index and the actual Sustainable Development Goal 7 index resides in the consideration of energy security and carbon intensity indicators and in the framework designed to evaluate the clean energy prevalence. The evaluated actual Sustainable Development Goal 7 index scores of Germany and France are 0.4915 and 0.4656, respectively. On comparing with the proposed Sustainable Development Goal 7 composite index scores, the scores decreased by 20.9% for Germany and increased by 7.2% for France. The robustness of the proposed composite index relies on reducing the effect of outliers by using a modified min–max methodology, namely Aggregated Normalization based on Maximum and Minimum Outliers for normalization and the subsequent weightage allocation criteria utilized in Analytic Hierarchy Process methodology. Sensitivity analyses high-lighted that the clean energy indicator is the most influencing indicator for the designed composite index. Nevertheless, uncertainty analysis indicates that the weightage scenario has a more prominent influence than various normalization and aggregation methods

• Yohanandhan, Rajaa Vikhram; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai; Pugazhendhi, Rishi; Premkumar, Manoharan; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Terzija, Vladimir (2021). A holistic review on Cyber-Physical Power System (CPPS) testbeds for secure and sustainable electric power grid – Part – II: Classification, overview and assessment of CPPS testbeds. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. ISSN 0142-0615. 137. doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107721.
• Yohanandhan, Rajaa Vikhram; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai; Pugazhendhi, Rishi; Premkumar, Manoharan; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Terzija, Vladimir (2021). A Holistic Review on Cyber-Physical Power System (CPPS) Testbeds for Secure and Sustainable Electric Power Grid – Part – I: Background on CPPS and Necessity of CPPS Testbeds. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. ISSN 0142-0615. 136. doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107718. Show summary

  The integration of advanced Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the conventional electric power grid is evolving into a Cyber-Physical Power System (CPPS). The seamless integration of control, communication, and computing operations allow CPPS to be fully monitored and controlled. Threats, vulnerabilities, and catastrophic attacks will intrude as CPPS monitoring, protection, and control functions advance. For the CPPS to operate safely, securely, and efficiently, sustainable cybersecurity solutions must be developed, and the power grid's reliability and resilience must be maintained even when exposed to unfavorable network conditions. While more distributed and renewable energy sources are connected to the grid, cybersecurity helps to ensure the supply of electricity is sustainable and of high quality. The validation of such sustainable cybersecurity analysis goes beyond the traditional power grid network analysis, which means that the test should integrate the physical and cyber system behavior and respond to the network attacks. To analyze the cybersecurity and cyberattacks in the practical CPPS, comprehensive and realistic CPPS testbeds are needed. The heterogeneous nature of the CPPS concept urges multidisciplinary testbeds with various functions and capabilities to evaluate the new cyber-attacks, vulnerabilities, and threats in CPPS. Using this CPPS testbed framework, the different types of cyber-attack can be detected, and detection algorithm can be evaluated, and helps to enhance the development of sustainable cybersecurity defenses for realistic CPPS environment with the increasingly dense integration of distributed energy resources (DERs). This Part-I paper review the CPPS testbeds in the view of the physical power system layer, sensing layer, communication layer, control layer, application layer, test platforms, and research goals with the fusion of cyber and physical systems. In addition, this review presented an overview, structure, and application-based evaluation of existing testbeds from the industry and institutions. The various research areas in CPPS are reviewed first to show the research trends on different aspects of CPPS which have gained significant attention in the past decade. The necessity of testbeds for cyberattacks and sustainable cybersecurity analysis in CPPS are then described. Finally, the NIST framework for CPS, CPPS domains, and research areas are presented. Further the Part-II paper will review the classification, overview, and assessment of CPPS testbeds.

• Yohanandhan, Rajaa Vikhram; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai; Pugazhendhi, Rishi; Manoharannd, Premkumar; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Zhao, Zumbo [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). A Specialized Review On Outlook of Future Cyber-Physical Power System (CPPS) testbeds for securing electric power grid. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. ISSN 0142-0615. 136. doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107720. Show summary

  The Cyber-Physical Power System (CPPS) is a new type of system in which the traditional energy system is integrated into the information network with control systems, communication networks, and computational units. CPPS is the foundation of a long-term transformation of energy management that will fundamentally alter the perspective and application pattern of traditional energy research. The strong interactions between systems in a CPPS introduce new challenges in maintaining high supply security, as new factors can affect the overall security of the power system. Such factors include cybersecurity, the behaviour and constraints of neighbouring energy systems, and the dynamics of interactions between the various systems. Integrating computing, com-munications, and control at all levels of electrical energy generation, transmission, distribution, utilisation, and storage in CPPS increases vulnerabilities and complicates security. Security studies must reflect the character-istics of the CPPS infrastructure in actual testing environments that support the interfacing of real-world hard-ware devices. CPPS testbeds are effective in this context because they provide testing capabilities for evaluating the synergistic relationship between physical and virtual components in controlled environments. Security- oriented CPPS testbeds are invaluable for performing cybersecurity and cyberattack analyses, identifying sys-tem threats and vulnerabilities in various layers of CPPS, implementing intrusion detection and prevention al-gorithms, and evaluating the efficacy of mitigation techniques without imposing excessive economic burdens or posing safety risks. This paper provides a comprehensive review of CPPS testbeds from the standpoint of the physical power system layer, cyber system layer, and cyber-physical fusion layer. Following a brief description of the importance of testbeds for cybersecurity research in CPPS, and a brief classification of existing CPPS testbeds for cyberattacks, and cybersecurity analysis in CPPS is presented. A detailed overview of the outlook for future CPPS testbeds in terms of communication, control, computing, and educational perspective is provided. Finally, the work is concluded with future research directions for developing a secure electric power grid.

• Zouinkhi, Ahmed; Flah, Aymen & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2021). A Novel Energy-Safe Algorithm for Enhancing the Battery Life for IoT Sensors’ Applications. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 14(20). doi: 10.3390/en14206613. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Energy safe is mandatory for all isolated IoT tools, as in long way roads, mountains, or even in smart cities. If increasing the lifetime of these tools, the rentability of the global network loop becomes more efficient. Therefore, this paper's base main is to present a new approach for saving energy inside the source nods by supervising the state of energy inside each source nod and calculating the duty cycle factor. The relationship between these parameters is based on an optimization problem formulation. In this respect, the present paper is designed to propose a new approach that deals with increasing the lifetime of the Wireless Sensors Network (WSN) attached nodes, as fixed in the application. The newly devised design rests on implementing the IEEE 802.15.4 standard beacon-enabled mode, involving a cluster tree topology. Accordingly, every subgroup is allotted to apply a specifically different duty cycle, depending on the battery's remaining energy level, which contributes to creating a wide range of functional modes. Hence, various thresholds are defined. Simulation results are proving the efficiency of the proposed approach and show the energetic benefit. The proposed flowchart has minimized the consumed energy for the WSN, which improve the battery lifetime and enhance the IoT applications robustness. Simulations and experiments have been carried out under different conditions and the results proved that the proposed method is a viable solution.

• Mahesh, Aganti; Bharatiraja, Chokkalingam & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2021). Inductive Wireless Power Transfer Charging for Electric Vehicles–A Review. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 9, p. 13667–137713. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3116678. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Considering a future scenario in which a driverless Electric Vehicle (EV) needs an automatic charging system without human intervention. In this regard, there is a requirement for a fully automatable, fast, safe, cost-effective, and reliable charging infrastructure that provides a profitable business model and fast adoption in the electrified transportation systems. These qualities can be comprehended through wireless charging systems. Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is a futuristic technology with the advantage of flexibility, convenience, safety, and the capability of becoming fully automated. In WPT methods resonant inductive wireless charging has to gain more attention compared to other wireless power transfer methods due to high efficiency and easy maintenance. This literature presents a review of the status of Resonant Inductive Wireless Power Transfer Charging technology also highlighting the present status and its future of the wireless EV market. First, the paper delivers a brief history throw lights on wireless charging methods, highlighting the pros and cons. Then, the paper aids a comparative review of different type’s inductive pads, rails, and compensations technologies done so far. The static and dynamic charging techniques and their characteristics are also illustrated. The role and importance of power electronics and converter types used in various applications are discussed. The batteries and their management systems as well as various problems involved in WPT are also addressed. Different trades like cyber security economic effects, health and safety, foreign object detection, and the effect and impact on the distribution grid are explored. Prospects and challenges involved in wireless charging systems are also highlighting in this work. We believe that this work could help further the research and development of WPT systems.

• Biswal, Saubhagya; Shankar, Gauri; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2021). Optimal Allocation/Sizing of DGs/Capacitors in Reconfigured Radial Distribution System using Quasi-Reflected Slime Mould Algorithm. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 9, p. 125658–125677. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3111027. Full text in Research Archive
• Chakraborty, Suprava; Verma, Sumit; Salgotra, Aprajita; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan; Elangovan, Devaraj & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2021). Solar-Based DG Allocation Using Harris Hawks Optimization While Considering Practical Aspects. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 14(16). doi: 10.3390/en14165206. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The restructuring of power systems and the ever-increasing demand for electricity have given rise to congestion in power networks. The use of distributed generators (DGs) may play a significant role in tackling such issues. DGs may be integrated with electrical power networks to regulate the drift of power in the transmission lines, thereby increasing the power transfer capabilities of lines and improving the overall performance of electrical networks. In this article, an effective method based on the Harris hawks optimization (HHO) algorithm is used to select the optimum capacity, number, and site of solar-based DGs to reduce real power losses and voltage deviation. The proposed HHO has been tested with a complex benchmark function then applied to the IEEE 33 and IEEE 69 bus radial distribution systems. The single and multiple solar-based DGs are optimized for the optimum size and site with a unity power factor. It is observed that the overall performance of the systems is enhanced when additional DGs are installed. Moreover, considering the stochastic and sporadic nature of solar irradiance, the practical size of DG has been suggested based on analysis that may be adopted while designing the actual photovoltaic (PV) plant for usage. The obtained simulation outcomes are compared with the latest state-of-the-art literature and suggest that the proposed HHO is capable of processing complex high dimensional benchmark functions and has capability to handle problems pertaining to electrical distribution in an effective manner.

• Savio Abraham, Dominic; Verma, Rajesh; Lakshmikhandan, Kanagaraj; Rajan Giri Thulasi, Sundar; Narayanamoorthi, Rajamanickam & Chokkalingam, Bharatiraja [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Electric Vehicles Charging Stations’ Architectures, Criteria, Power Converters, and Control Strategies in Microgrids. Electronics. ISSN 2079-9292. 10(16). doi: 10.3390/electronics10161895. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The usage of electric vehicles (EV) has been increasing over the last few years due to a rise in fossil fuel prices and the rate of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. EV-charging stations are powered by existing utility power grid systems, increasing the stress on the utility grid and the load demand at the distribution side. DC grid-based EV charging is more efficient than AC distribution because of its higher reliability, power conversion efficiency, simple interfacing with renewable energy sources (RESs), and integration of energy storage units (ESU). RES-generated power storage in local ESU is an alternative solution for managing the utility grid demand. In addition, to maintain the EV charging demand at the microgrid levels, energy management and control strategies must carefully power the EV battery charging unit. In addition, charging stations require dedicated converter topologies, control strategies, and need to follow set levels and standards. Based on EV, ESU, and RES accessibility, different types of microgrid architecture and control strategies are used to ensure optimum operation at the EV-charging point. Based on the above said merits, this review paper presents different RES-connected architecture and control strategies used in EV-charging stations. It highlights the importance of different charging station architectures with current power converter topologies proposed in the literature. In addition, a comparison of microgrid-based charging station architecture with its energy management, control strategies, and charging converter controls are also presented. The different levels and types of charging stations used for EV charging, in addition to controls and connectors used, are also discussed. An experiment-based energy management strategy was developed to control power flow among the available sources and charging terminals for the effective utilization of generated renewable power. The main motive of the EMS and its control is to maximize the usage of RES consumption. This review also provides the challenges and opportunities in EV-charging, and parameters in selecting appropriate charging stations.

• Das, Soumya Ranjan; Ray, Prakash K.; Sahoo, Arun Kumar; Ramasubbareddy, Somula; Babu, Thanikanti Sudhakar & Nallapaneni, Manoj Kumar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). A Comprehensive Survey on Different Control Strategies and Applications of Active Power Filters for Power Quality Improvement. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 14(15). doi: 10.3390/en14154589. Full text in Research Archive
• Ali, Muhammad; Hafeez, Ghulam; Farooq, Ajmal; Shafiq, Zeeshan; Faheem, Ali & Usman, Muhammad [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). A Novel Control Approach to Hybrid Multilevel Inverter for High Power Applications. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 14(15). doi: 10.3390/en14154563. Full text in Research Archive
• Madasamy, P.; Verma, Rajesh; Bharatiraja, C.; Barnabas, Paul Glady J; Srihari, T. & Munda, Josiah Lange [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Hybrid Multicarrier Random Space Vector PWM for the Mitigation the Acoustic Noise. Electronics. ISSN 2079-9292. 10(12). doi: 10.3390/electronics10121483. Full text in Research Archive
• Tamilarasu, Karthick; Sathiasamuel, Charles Raja; Nesamalar Josep, Jeslin Drusila; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2021). Reinforced Demand Side Management for Educational Institution with incorporation of User’s Comfort. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 14(10). doi: 10.3390/en14102855. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Soaring energy demand and the establishment of various trends in the energy market have paved the way for developing demand-side management (DSM) from the consumer side. This paper proposes a reinforced DSM (RDSM) approach that uses an enhanced binary gray wolf optimization algorithm (EBGWO) that benefits the consumer premises with load scheduling, and peak demand reduction. To date, DSM research has been carried out for residential, commercial and industrial loads, whereas DSM approaches for educational loads have been less studied. The institution load also consumes much utility energy during peak hours, making institutional consumers pay a high amount of cost for energy consumption during peak hours. The proposed objective is to reduce the total electricity cost and to improve the operating efficiency of the entire load profile at an educational institution. The proposed architecture integrates the solar PV (SPV) generation that supplies the user-comfort loads during peak operating hours. User comfort is determined with a metric termed the user comfort index (UCI). The novelty of the proposed work is highlighted by modeling a separate class of loads for temperature-controlled air conditioners (AC), supplying the user comfort loads from SPV generation and determining user comfort with percentage UCI. The improved transfer function used in the proposed EBGWO algorithm performs faster in optimizing nonlinear objective problems. The electricity price in the peak hours is high compared to the offpeak hours. The proposed EBGWO algorithm shift and schedules the loads from the peak hours to off-peak hours, and incorporating SPV in satisfying the user comfort loads aids in reducing the power consumption from the utility during peak hours. Thus, the proposed EBGWO algorithm greatly helps the consumer side decrease the peak-to-average ratio (PAR), improve user comfort significantly, reduce the peak demand, and save the institution’s electricity cost by USD 653.046.

• CHITTOOR, PRITHVI KRISHNA; Chokkalingam, Bharatiraja & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2021). A Review on UAV Wireless Charging: Fundamentals, Applications, Charging Techniques and Standards. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 9. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3077041. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are becoming increasingly popular for applications such as inspections, delivery, agriculture, surveillance, and many more. It is estimated that, by 2040, UAVs/drones will become a mainstream delivery channel to satisfy the growing demand for parcel delivery. Though the UAVs are gaining interest in civil applications, the future of UAV charging is facing a set of vital concerns and open research challenges. Considering the case of parcel delivery, handling countless drones and their charging will become complex and laborious. The need for non-contact based multi-device charging techniques will be crucial in saving time and human resources. To efficiently address this issue, Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) for UAVs is a promising technology for multi-drone charging and autonomous handling of multiple devices. In the literature of the past five years, limited surveys were conducted for wireless UAV charging. Moreover, vital problems such as coil weight constraints, comparison between existing charging techniques, shielding methods and many other key issues are not addressed. This motivates the author in conducting this review for addressing the crucial aspects of wireless UAV charging. Furthermore, this review provides a comprehensive comparative study on wireless charging's technical aspects conducted by prominent research laboratories, universities, and industries. The paper also discusses UAVs' history, UAVs structure, categories of UAVs, mathematical formulation of coil and WPT standards for safer operation.

• Madasamy, P.; Verma, Rajesh; Rameshbabu, A; Murugesan, A; Umamageswari, R & Munda, Josiah Lange [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Neutral Point Clamped Transformerless Multilevel Converter for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System. Electronics. ISSN 2079-9292. 10(8). doi: 10.3390/electronics10080977. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Transformer-less (TL) inverter topologies have elicited further special treatment in photo-voltaic (PV) power system as they provide high efficiency and low cost. Neutral point clamped (NPC) multilevel-inverter (MLI) topologies-based transformer-less are being immensely used in grid-connected medium-voltage high-power claims. Unfortunately, these topologies such as NPC-MLI, full-bridge inverter with DC bypass (FB-DCBP) suffer from the shoot-through problem on the bridge legs, which affect the reliability of the implementation. Based on the previous above credits, a T type neutral point clamped (TNP) - MLI (TNP-MLI) with Transformer-less topology called TL-TNP-MLI is presented to be an alternate which can be suitable in the grid connected PV power generation systems. The suggested TL-TNP-MLI topologies free from inverter bridge legs shoot-through burden, switching frequency common-mode current (CMC), and leakage current. The control system of the grid interface with hysteresis current control (HCC) strategy is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed PV connected transformer-less TNP-MLI topology with different grid and PV scenario has been verified through the MATLAB/Simulink simulation model and field-programmable gate area (FPGA) based experimental results for a 1.5 kW system.

• Ali, Ahmad; Syed Abdul Rahman, Kashif; Ali, Nasir; Akhtar, Rasool; Sheroze, Liaquat & Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Controller Parameters Optimization for Multi-Terminal DC Power System Using Ant Colony Optimization. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 9, p. 59910–59919. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3073491. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Voltage source converter based multi – terminal DC grids (VSC – MTDC) are widely used for integration of renewable resources. Control of these grids requires vector control method, which includes inner and outer current controllers, tuning of these controllers is very important. Conventionally used tuning methods consider approximated linear model to tune the proportional – integral (PI) parameters of voltage source converter (VSC) which fails to produce optimum disturbance rejection results. In this research an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique is used to get the optimum parameters of inner and outer power control layers for multi – terminal DC system. ACO is applied simultaneously on inner and outer control layers and results are compared with classical tuning method. In this paper, a four terminal VSC – MTDC has been used under different sequence of events of disturbances e.g. load change on AC side, active power reference change for inverter and rectifier mode and disconnection of one terminal to evaluate the robustness of ACO algorithm with respect to classical method. The proposed tuning method gives superior results under different disturbance compared to conventional method.

• Kamalesh, M.S.; Senthilnathan, Nattuthurai; Bharatiraja, Chokkalingam & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2021). Mitigation of Circulating Current With Effective Energy Management In Low Power PV-FC-Battery-Microgrid. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems. ISSN 2050-7038. 31(6). doi: 10.1002/2050-7038.12899.
• Subramanian, Senthilkumar; Chandramohan, Sankaralingam; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai; Vijayaraghav, Raghavendra Rajan; Raju, Kannadasan & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2021). An Evaluation on Wind Energy Potential using Multi-Objective Optimization-based Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm III. Sustainability. ISSN 2071-1050. 13. doi: 10.3390/su13010410. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Wind energy is an abundant renewable energy resource that is extensively used worldwide in recent years. The present work proposes a new Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) based genetic algorithm (GA) model for a wind energy system. The proposed algorithm consists of non-dominated sorting which focuses to maximize the power extraction of the wind turbine and the lifetime of the battery. Also, the performance characteristics of the wind turbine and battery energy storage system (BESS) are analyzed specifically torque, current, voltage, state of charge (SOC), and internal resistance. The complete analysis is carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The simulated results are compared with existing optimization techniques such as single-objective, multi-objective, and non-dominating sorting GA II (Genetic Algorithm-II). From the observed results, the NSGA III optimization algorithm offers superior performance notably higher turbine power output with higher torque rate, lower speed variation, and lesser degradation rate of the battery. This result attested to the fact that the proposed optimization tool can extract a higher rate of power from a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) when compared with a conventional optimization tool.

• Lütge, Christopher; Poszler, Franziska; Acosta, Aida Joaquin; Danks, David; Gottehrer, Gail & Mihet-Popa, Lucian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). AI4People: Ethical Guidelines for the Automotive Sector – Fundamental Requirements and Practical Recommendations. International Journal of Technoethics (IJT). ISSN 1947-3451. 12(1), p. 101–125. doi: 10.4018/IJT.20210101.oa2. Full text in Research Archive
• Rawa, Muhyaddin; Alkhalaf, Salem; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Aboelsaud, Raef; Khurshaid, Tahir & Hassan, Abdurrahman Shuaibu [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). An Efficient Scheme for Determining the Power Loss in Wind-PV Based on Deep Learning. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 9, p. 9481–9492. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3046687. Full text in Research Archive
• Rengasamy, Mageswaran; Gangatharan, Sivasankar; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2020). The motivation for incorporation of microgrid technology in rooftop solar photovoltaic deployment to enhance energy economics. Sustainability. ISSN 2071-1050. 12(24). doi: 10.3390/su122410365. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Deployment of rooftop solar PV technology in domestic premises plays a significant role in accomplishing renewable energy transformation. Majority of domestic consumers still do not have a positive perception about adopting rooftop solar PV technology, due to its high capital cost and prolonged payback period. In this aspect, the proposed work identifies the factors causing energy deprivation in the present distribution and utilization system. To explicitly express the importance of the present work, an extensive case study based on Indian scenario has been carried out to investigate where the losses occur in the existing distribution system and how the solar power and its storage system have been ineffectively utilized. The deep investigation has thrown light on several issues that lead to the performance deterioration of PV technology. Finally, in this work, a scheme to incorporate hybrid microgrid technology in the domestic distribution network has been proposed to effectively manage the distribution system and to efficiently utilize solar power and its storage systems. The real-time electricity tariff data have been taken for cost comparison and payback period calculations to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. A crucial comparisons have been presented based on energy saving and CO2 emission reduction strategies.

• Kumar, Raja; Devi, Priyanka; Chetri, Chandan; Vardan, Aanchal Singh S.; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai & Mihet-Popa, Lucian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Design and Characteristic Investigation of Novel Dual Stator Pseudo-Pole Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for Wind Power Application. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 8, p. 175788–175804. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3025842. Full text in Research Archive
• Sethuraman, Somalinga S; Santha, K.R.; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Bharatiraja, Chokkalingam (2020). A Modified Topology of a High Efficiency Bidirectional Type DC–DC Converter by Synchronous Rectification . Electronics. ISSN 2079-9292. 9(9). doi: 10.3390/electronics9091555. Full text in Research Archive
• Yohanandhan, Rajaa Vikhram; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai; Premkumar, Manoharan & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2020). Cyber-Physical Power System (CPPS): A Review on Modelling, Simulation, and Analysis with Cyber Security Applications. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 8, p. 151019–151064. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3016826. Full text in Research Archive
• Fiore, Gaia; Mihet, Nicolae Lucian & Saponara, Sergio (2020). Exhaustive Modeling of Electric Vehicle Dynamics, Power train and Energy Storage/Conversion for Electrical Component Sizing and Diagnostic. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. ISSN 1876-1100. 627, p. 433–440. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-37277-4_50.
• Premkumar, Manoharan; Subramaniam, Umashankar; Babu, Thanikanti Sudhakar; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2020). Evaluation of mathematical model to characterize the performance of conventional and hybrid PV array topologies under static and dynamic shading patterns. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 13(12). doi: 10.3390/en13123216. Full text in Research Archive
• Krishnamoorthy, R; Udhayakumar, K; Raju, Kannadasan; Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2020). An Assessment of Onshore and Offshore Wind Energy Potential in India Using Moth Flame Optimization. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 13(12), p. 1–41. doi: 10.3390/en13123063. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Wind energy is one of the supremely renewable energy sources and has been widely established worldwide. Due to strong seasonal variations in the wind resource, accurate predictions of wind resource assessment and appropriate wind speed distribution models (for any location) are the significant facets for planning and commissioning wind farms. In this work, the wind characteristics and wind potential assessment of onshore, offshore, and nearshore locations of India—particularly Kayathar in Tamilnadu, the Gulf of Khambhat, and Jafrabad in Gujarat—are statistically analyzed with wind distribution methods. Further, the resource assessments are carried out using Weibull, Rayleigh, gamma, Nakagami, generalized extreme value (GEV), lognormal, inverse Gaussian, Rician, Birnbaum–Sandras, and Bimodal–Weibull distribution methods. Additionally, the advent of artificial intelligence and soft computing techniques with the moth flame optimization (MFO) method leads to superior results in solving complex problems and parameter estimations. The data analytics are carried out in the MATLAB platform, with in-house coding developed for MFO parameters estimated through optimization and other wind distribution parameters using the maximum likelihood method. The observed outcomes show that the MFO method performed well on parameter estimation. Correspondingly, wind power generation was shown to peak at the South West Monsoon periods from June to September, with mean wind speeds ranging from 9 to 12 m/s. Furthermore, the wind speed distribution method of mixed Weibull, Nakagami, and Rician methods performed well in calculating potential assessments for the targeted locations. Likewise, the Gulf of Khambhat (offshore) area has steady wind speeds ranging from 7 to 10 m/s with less turbulence intensity and the highest wind power density of 431 watts/m2. The proposed optimization method proves its potential for accurate assessment of Indian wind conditions in selected locations.

• Bansal, Saumya; Zong, Yi; You, Shi; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Xiao, Jinsheng (2020). Technical and economic analysis of one-stop charging stations for battery and fuel cell EV with renewable energy sources. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 13(11), p. 1–15. doi: 10.3390/en13112855. Full text in Research Archive
• Karthikeyan, M; Elavarasu, R; Ramesh, P; Bharatiraja, Chokkalingham; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban & Mihet-Popa, Lucian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). A Hybridization of Cuk and Boost Converter Using Single Switch with Higher Voltage Gain Compatibility. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 13(9), p. 1–24. doi: 10.3390/en13092312. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In the current era, the desire for high boost DC-to-DC converter development has increased. Notably, there has been voltage gain improvement without adding extra power switches, and a large number of passive components have advanced. Magnetically coupled isolated converters are suggested for the higher voltage gain. These converters use large size inductors, and thus the non-isolated traditional boost, Cuk and Sepic converters are modified to increase their gain by adding an extra switch, inductors and capacitors. These converters increase circuit complexity and become bulky. In this paper, we present a hybrid high voltage gain non-isolated single switch converter for photovoltaic applications. The proposed converter connects the standard conventional Cuk and boost converter in parallel for providing continuous current mode operation with the help of a single power switch, which gives less voltage stress on controlled switch and diodes. The proposed hybrid topology uses a single switch with a lower component-count and provides a higher voltage gain than non-isolated traditional converters. The converter circuit mode of operation, operating performance, mathematical derivations and steady-state exploration and circuit parameters design procedures are deliberated in detail. The proposed hybrid converter circuit components, voltage gain and performance, were compared with other topologies in the literature. The MATLAB/Simulink simulation study and microcontroller-based experimental laboratory prototype of 150 W were implemented. The simulation study and experimentation results were confirmed to be a satisfactory agreement with the theoretical analysis. This topology produced non-inverting output in continuous input current mode using a single switch with high voltage gain (≈5.116 gain) with a maximum efficiency of 92.2% under full load.

• Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai; Shafiullah, G.M.; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Kumar, Nallapaneni Manoj; Annam, Annapurna & Vetrichelvan, Ajayragavan Manavalanagar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). A Comprehensive Review on Renewable Energy Development, Challenges and Policies of leading Indian States with an International Perspective. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 8(1), p. 74432–74457. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2988011. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Clean and environment-friendly energy harvesting are of prime interest today as it is one of the key enablers in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as well as accelerates social progress and enhances living standards. India, the second-most populous nation with a population of 1.353 billion, is one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels in the world which is responsible for global warming. An ever-increasing population is projected until 2050, and consequently, the energy demand in the upcoming decades will be co-accelerated by the rapid industrial growth. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) with the support of National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog is working to achieve the Indian Government's target of attaining 175 GW through renewable energy resources. Many Indian states are currently increasing their renewable energy capacity in an objective to meet future energy demand. The review paper discusses in-depth about the three Indian states, namely Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, which pioneers the renewable energy production in India. The global energy scenario was discussed in detail with Indian contrast. Further, the barriers to the development of renewable energy generation and policies of the Indian government are discussed in detail to promote renewable energy generation throughout India as well as globally since the challenges are similar for other nations. This study analyzed various prospects of the country in renewable energy which has been done in a purpose to help the scholars, researchers, and policymakers of the nation, as it gives an insight into the present renewable energy scenario of the country.

• Plesca, Adrian & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2020). Thermal Analysis of Power Rectifiers in Steady-State Conditions. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 13(8). doi: 10.3390/en13081942. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Power rectifiers from electrical traction systems, but not only, can be irreversibly damaged if the temperature of the semiconductor junction reaches high values to determine thermal runaway and melting. The paper proposes a mathematical model to calculate the junction and the case temperature in power diodes used in bridge rectifiers, which supplies an inductive-resistive load. The new thermal model may be used to investigate the thermal behavior of the power diodes in steady-state regime for various values of the tightening torque, direct current through the diode, airflow speed and load parameters (resistance and inductance). The obtained computed values were compared with 3D thermal simulation results and experimental tests. The calculated values are aligned with the simulation results and experimental data.

• Bana, Prabhat Ranjan; Panda, Kaibalya Prasad; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Panda, Gayadhar & Wu, Jianzhong (2020). Closed-Loop Control and Performance Evaluation of Reduced Part Count Multilevel Inverter Interfacing Grid-Connected PV System. IEEE Access. ISSN 2169-3536. 8, p. 75691–75701. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2987620. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Multilevel inverters (MLIs) have drawn a tremendous attention in power sector. Application of MLI has grown extensively to improve the power quality and efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) system. For an MLI interfacing PV system, the size, cost and voltage stress are the key constraints of the MLI that need to be minimized. This paper presents a novel reduced part count MLI interfacing single-stage grid-tied PV system along with a closed-loop control strategy. The proposed MLI consists of n repeating units and a level boosting circuit (LBC) that assists to generate 4n+7 voltage levels instead of 2n+3 levels. Three different algorithms are proposed for suitable selection of dc-link voltages to further enhance the levels. Comparative analysis is carried out to confirm the superiority of developed MLI. The workability of the proposed MLI is investigated with a 1.3 kW PV system. The closed-loop control strategy ensures the maximum power tracking, dc-link voltage balancing, satisfactory operation of the MLI and injection of clean sinusoidal grid current under any dynamic changes. Comprehensive simulation analysis is carried out considering a 15-level MLI structure. The practicality of the topological advancement for PV system is further confirmed by experimental tests under different dynamic conditions.

• Balasubramani, Gomathy; Thangavelu, Venkatesan; Chinnusamy, Muniraj; Subramaniam, Umashankar; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2020). Infrared Thermography Based Defects Testing of Solar Photovoltaic Panel with Fuzzy Rule‐Based Evaluation. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 13(6). doi: 10.3390/en13061343. Full text in Research Archive
• Madasamy, Periyanayagam; Suresh, Kumar; Bharatiraja, Chokkalingam; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Yusuff, Adedayo (2020). A Modified High Voltage Gain Quasi-Impedance Source Coupled Inductor Multilevel Inverter for Photovoltaic Application . Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 13(4). doi: 10.3390/en13040874. Full text in Research Archive
• Saponara, Sergio; Saletti, Roberto & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2019). Hybrid micro-grids exploiting renewables sources, battery energy storages and bi-directional converters. Applied Sciences. ISSN 2076-3417. 9:4973(22), p. 1–18. doi: 10.3390/APP9224973. Full text in Research Archive
• Vadi, Seyfettin; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Bayındır, Ramazan; Blaabjerg, Frede & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2019). A review on optimization and control methods used to provide transient stability in microgrids. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 12:3582(18), p. 1–20. doi: 10.3390/en12183582. Full text in Research Archive
• Filip, Ioan; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Vasar, Cristian; Prostean, Octavian & Szeidert, Iosif (2019). Considerations Regarding the Design of a Minimum Variance Control System for an Induction Generator. Electronics. ISSN 2079-9292. 8(5), p. 1–22. doi: 10.3390/electronics8050532. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper presents a comparative analysis regarding a self-tuning minimum variance control system of a double-fed induction generator with load and connected to a power system through a long transmission line. A new complex nonlinear model describing this relationship between the induction generator, electrical consumer, transmission line, and power system is designed and implemented to simulate the controlled plant behavior. Starting from a simplified linear model of this complex plant, obtained through linearization of its nonlinear model around an operating point, the minimum variance control law design is performed by minimizing a cost criterion function. The main goal and also the paper novelty consists of the identification of a minimum order of this linearized model used to design a reduced order control law, which can still provide good control performance.

• Shankar, V. K. Arun; Umashankar, S; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Fedák, Viliam & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. (2018). Power Quality Performance Analysis of grid tied PV fed Parallel Pumping System under Normal and Vibrating Condition. Energy Procedia. ISSN 1876-6102. 145, p. 497–503. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.04.092.
• Sridhar, Vishnu B.; Umashankar, S; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K.; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Fedák, Viliam (2018). Control Architecture for Cascaded H-Bridge Inverters in Large-Scale PV Systems. Energy Procedia. ISSN 1876-6102. 145, p. 549–557. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.04.080.
• Shankar, V. K. Arun; Umashankar, S; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Viliam, Fedak; Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2018). Investigations of power quality disturbances in a variable speed parallel pumping system with grid tied solar PV. Energy Procedia. ISSN 1876-6102. 145, p. 490–496. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.04.097.
• Vavilapalli, Sridhar; Umashankar, S; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Fedák, Viliam; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. (2018). A Buck-Chopper Based Energy Storage System for the Cascaded H-Bridge Inverters in PV Applications. Energy Procedia. ISSN 1876-6102. 145, p. 534–541. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.04.078.
• Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Saponara, Sergio (2018). Toward Green Vehicles Digitalization for the Next Generation of Connected and Electrified Transport Systems. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 11(11). doi: 10.3390/en11113124. Full text in Research Archive
• Vavilapalli, Sridhar; Subramaniam, Umashankar; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K.; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Fedák, Viliam (2018). Three-Stage Control Architecture for Cascaded H-Bridge Inverters in Large-Scale PV Systems - Real Time Simulation Validation. Applied Energy. ISSN 0306-2619. 229(1 november), p. 1111–1127. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.059.
• Priyadarshi, Neeraj; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Ionel, Dan; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Azam, Farooque (2018). Hybrid PV-Wind, Micro-Grid Development Using Quasi-Z-Source Inverter Modeling and Control–Experimental Investigation. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 11(9). doi: 10.3390/en11092277.
• Harighi, Tohid; Bayindir, Ramazan; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Hossain, Eklas (2018). An Overview of Energy Scenarios, Storage Systems and the Infrastructure for Vehicle-to-Grid Technology. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 11(8), p. 1–18. doi: 10.3390/en11082174. Full text in Research Archive
• Prabaharan, N; Arun, V; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Blaabjerg, Frede (2018). Reconfiguration of Multilevel Inverter with Trapezoidal Pulse Width Modulation. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 11(1067), p. 1–18. doi: 10.3390/en11082148. Full text in Research Archive
• Priyadarshi, Neeraj; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Blaabjerg, Frede & Azam, Farooque (2018). Maximum Power Point Tracking for Brushless DC Motor-Driven Photovoltaic Pumping Systems Using a Hybrid ANFIS-FLOWER Pollination Optimization Algorithm. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 11(5). doi: 10.3390/en11051067.
• Gunasekaran, Maheswaran; Ismail, Hidayathullah Mohamed; Chokkalingam, Bharatiraja; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar (2018). Energy Management Strategy for Rural Communities’ DC Micro Grid Power System Structure with Maximum Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources. Applied Sciences. ISSN 2076-3417. 8(4). doi: 10.3390/app8040585. Full text in Research Archive
• Narayanamoorthi, R; Vimala, Juliet A; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Bharatiraja, Chokkalingam (2018). Frequency Splitting Elimination and Cross Coupling Rejection of Wireless Power Transfer to Multiple Dynamic Receivers. Applied Sciences. ISSN 2076-3417. 8(2). doi: 10.3390/app8020179. Full text in Research Archive
• Hossain, Eklas; Perez, Ron; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Blaabjerg, Frede & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. (2017). Sliding mode controller and lyapunov redesign controller to improve microgrid stability: A comparative analysis with CPL power variation. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 10(12). doi: 10.3390/en10121959. Full text in Research Archive
• Krishna, S Mohan; Daya, J L Febin; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2017). Real-time analysis of a modified state observer for sensorless induction motor drive used in electric vehicle applications. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 10(8). doi: 10.3390/en10081077. Full text in Research Archive
• Tan, Kang Miao; Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K.; Yong, Jia Ying; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Blaabjerg, Frede (2017). Minimization of Load Variance in Power Grid – Investigation on Vehicle-to-Grid Optimal Scheduling. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 10(11). doi: 10.3390/en10111880. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The introduction of electric vehicles into the transportation sector helps reduce global warming and carbon emissions. The interaction between electric vehicles and the power grid has spurred the emergence of a smart grid technology, denoted as vehicle-to grid-technology. Vehicle-to-grid technology manages the energy exchange between a large fleet of electric vehicles and the power grid to accomplish shared advantages for the vehicle owners and the power utility. This paper presents an optimal scheduling of vehicle-to-grid using the genetic algorithm to minimize the power grid load variance. This is achieved by allowing electric vehicles charging (grid-to-vehicle) whenever the actual power grid loading is lower than the target loading, while conducting electric vehicle discharging (vehicle-to-grid) whenever the actual power grid loading is higher than the target loading. The vehicle-to-grid optimization algorithm is implemented and tested in MATLAB software (R2013a, MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). The performance of the optimization algorithm depends heavily on the setting of the target load, power grid load and capability of the grid-connected electric vehicles. Hence, the performance of the proposed algorithm under various target load and electric vehicles’ state of charge selections were analysed. The effectiveness of the vehicle-to-grid scheduling to implement the appropriate peak load shaving and load levelling services for the grid load variance minimization is verified under various simulation investigations. This research proposal also recommends an appropriate setting for the power utility in terms of the selection of the target load based on the electric vehicle historical data.

• Subramani, Gopinath; Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K.; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Blaabjerg, Frede & Guerrero, Josep M (2017). Grid-Tied Photovoltaic and Battery Storage Systems with Malaysian Electricity Tariff - A Review on Maximum Demand Shaving. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 10(11). doi: 10.3390/en10111884. Full text in Research Archive
• Michalitsakos, Panagiotis; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Xydis, George (2017). A Hybrid RES Distributed Generation System for Autonomous Islands: A DER-CAM and Storage based Economic and Optimal Dispatch Analysis. Sustainability. ISSN 2071-1050. 9(11). doi: 10.3390/su9112010. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The possibility of replacing the existing autonomous thermal power plants by Distributed Energy Resources (DER) based on renewable energy sources (RES), along with the appropriate energy storage technologies in order to deal with the major problems that autonomous islands usually face was investigated. A case study of a small Greek island, which is confronted by various energy and water shortages, was studied for assessing the feasibility of DER deployment. The main objectives investigated were cost minimization, CO2 emissions minimization and DER reliability maximization. The DER-CAM (Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model) decision support tool was used for the multi-objective analysis conducted, which proposes a set of optimal solutions defining the appropriate Distributed Generation (DG) technologies, the capacities of storage and other technologies and the optimal dispatch of the DG system. A mutual beneficial solution, for all stakeholders, was proposed indicating the scope for developing such systems for all islands facing the same problems.

• Sagar Bhaskar, Mahajan; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; A. Sabnis, Sonali; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Blaabjerg, Frede & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. (2017). Hardware Implementation and a New Adaptation in Winding Scheme of Standard Three Phase Induction Machine to Utilize for Multifunctional Operation: A New Multifunctional Induction Machine. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 10(11). doi: 10.3390/en10111757. Full text in Research Archive
• AL-Nussairi, Mohammed Kh.; Bayindir, Ramazan; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Siano, Pierluigi (2017). Constant power loads (CPL) with microgrids: problem definition, stability analysis and compensation techniques. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 10:1656(10), p. 1–20. doi: 10.3390/en10101656. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper provides a comprehensive review of the major concepts associated with the Microgrid, such as constant power load (CPL), incremental negative resistance or impedance (INR/I) and its dynamic behaviours on the Microgrid, and power system distribution (PSD). In general, a Microgrid is defined as a cluster of different types of electrical loads and renewable energy sources (distributed generations) under a unified controller within a certain local area. It is considered a perfect solution to integrate renewable energy sources with loads as well as with a traditional grid. In addition, it can operate with a conventional grid, for example, by energy sourcing or a controllable load, or it can operate alone as an islanding mode to feed required electric energy to a grid. Hence, one of the important issues regarding the Microgrid is the constant power load that results from the tightly designed control when it is applied to power electronic converters. The effect of CPL is incremental negative resistance that impacts the power quality of a power system and makes it at negative damping. Also, in this paper, a comprehensive study on major control and compensation techniques for Microgrid has been included to face the instability effects of constant power loads. Finally, the merits and limitations of the compensation techniques are discussed.

• Ganesan, Swaminathan; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Varadarajan, Ramesh; Subramaniam, Umashankar & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2017). Study and Analysis of an Intelligent Microgrid Energy Management Solution with Distributed Energy Sources. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 10(9). doi: 10.3390/en10091419. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper, a robust energy management solution which will facilitate the optimum and economic control of energy flows throughout a microgrid network is proposed. The increased penetration of renewable energy sources is highly intermittent in nature; the proposed solution demonstrates highly efficient energy management. This study enables precise management of power flows by forecasting of renewable energy generation, estimating the availability of energy at storage batteries, and invoking the appropriate mode of operation, based on the load demand to achieve efficient and economic operation. The predefined mode of operation is derived out of an expert rule set and schedules the load and distributed energy sources along with utility grid.

• Xydis, George & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2017). Wind Energy Integration via Residential Appliances. Energy Efficiency. ISSN 1570-646X. 10(2), p. 319–329. doi: 10.1007/s12053-016-9459-2.
• Un-Noor, Fuad; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Nurunnabi Mollah, Mohammad & Hossain, Eklas (2017). A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 10(8). doi: 10.3390/en10081217. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Electric vehicles (EV), including Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), are becoming more commonplace in the transportation sector in recent times. As the present trend suggests, this mode of transport is likely to replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in the near future. Each of the main EV components has a number of technologies that are currently in use or can become prominent in the future. EVs can cause significant impacts on the environment, power system, and other related sectors. The present power system could face huge instabilities with enough EV penetration, but with proper management and coordination, EVs can be turned into a major contributor to the successful implementation of the smart grid concept. There are possibilities of immense environmental benefits as well, as the EVs can extensively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the transportation sector. However, there are some major obstacles for EVs to overcome before totally replacing ICE vehicles. This paper is focused on reviewing all the useful data available on EV configurations, battery energy sources, electrical machines, charging techniques, optimization techniques, impacts, trends, and possible directions of future developments. Its objective is to provide an overall picture of the current EV technology and ways of future development to assist in future researches in this sector.

• Ozsoy, Emre; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Fedák, Viliam; Ahmad, Fiaz & Akhtar, Rasool [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Control Strategy for a Grid-Connected Inverter under Unbalanced Network Conditions—A Disturbance Observer-Based Decoupled Current Approach. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. doi: 10.3390/en10071067. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper proposes a new approach on the novel current control strategy for grid-tied voltage-source inverters (VSIs) with circumstances of asymmetrical voltage conditions. A standard grid-connected inverter (GCI) allows the degree of freedom to integrate the renewable energy system to enhance the penetration of total utility power. However, restrictive grid codes require that renewable sources connected to the grid must support stability of the grid under grid faults. Conventional synchronously rotating frame dq current controllers are insufficient under grid faults due to the low bandwidth of proportional-integral (PI) controllers. Hence, this work proposes a proportional current controller with a first-order low-pass filter disturbance observer (DOb). The proposed controller establishes independent control on positive, as well as negative, sequence current components under asymmetrical grid voltage conditions. The approach is independent of parametric component values, as it estimates nonlinear feed-forward terms with the low-pass filter DOb. A numerical simulation model of the overall power system was implemented in aMATLAB/Simulink (2014B, MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). Further, particular results show that double-frequency active power oscillations are suppressed by injecting appropriate negative-sequence currents. Moreover, a set of simulation results provided in the article matches the developed theoretical background for its feasibility.

• Chandramohan, Kalaivani; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Kalyanasundaram, Rajambal; Rajambal, Kalyanasundaram & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2017). Grid Synchronization of a Seven-Phase Wind Electric Generator Using d-q PLL. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 10(7). doi: 10.3390/en10070926. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The evolving multiphase induction generators (MPIGs) with more than three phases are receiving prominence in high power generation systems. This paper aims at the development of a comprehensive model of the wind turbine driven seven-phase induction generator (7PIG) along with the necessary power electronic converters and the controller for grid interface. The dynamic model of the system is developed in MATLAB/Simulink (R2015b, The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA). A synchronous reference frame phase-locked loop (SRFPLL) system is incorporated for grid synchronization. The modeling aspects are detailed and the system response is observed for various wind velocities. The effectiveness of the seven phase induction generator is demonstrated with the fault tolerant capability and high output power with reduced phase current when compared to the conventional 3-phase wind generation scheme. The response of the PLL is analysed and the results are presented.

• Vavilapalli, Sridhar; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Subramaniam, Umashankar & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2017). Power Balancing Control for Grid Energy Storage System in Photovoltaic Applications—Real Time Digital Simulation Implementation. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. 10(7), p. 1–22. doi: 10.3390/en10070928. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A grid energy storage system for photo voltaic (PV) applications contains three different power sources i.e., PV array, battery storage system and the grid. It is advisable to isolate these three different sources to ensure the equipment safety. The configuration proposed in this paper provides complete isolation between the three sources. A Power Balancing Control (PBC) method for this configuration is proposed to operate the system in three different modes of operation. Control of a dual active bridge (DAB)-based battery charger which provides a galvanic isolation between batteries and other sources is explained briefly. Various modes of operation of a grid energy storage system are also presented in this paper. Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulation is carried out to check the performance of the system and the PBC algorithm. A power circuit (comprised of the inverter, dual active bridge based battery charger, grid, PV cell, batteries, contactors, and switches) is simulated and the controller hardware and user interface panel are connected as HIL with the simulated power circuit through Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). HIL simulation results are presented to explain the control operation, steady-state performance in different modes of operation and the dynamic response of the system.

View all works in Cristin

• Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2023). SMART GRIDS TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS. IntechOpen. ISBN 978-1-80355-685-7. 182 p. Show summary

  This book provides a comprehensive overview of smart grid technology. It contains six chapters organized into three sections: “AC-DC Smart Hybrid Microgrid: Modelling, Control and Applications”, “Smart Distribution Systems: Methodologies, Realtime Platforms and Testing Methods”, and “Energy Storage Systems and Their Applications in Smart Grids”. Chapters address such topics as the advantages and disadvantages of AC/DC hybrid microgrids, DER components in an AC microgrid, methodologies for solving the reconfiguration and reactive power compensation dispatch in a smart distribution network, digital twin types, the different types of energy storage systems, and much more.

• Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Saponara, Sergio (2021). Power Converters, Electric Drives and Energy Storage Systems for Electrified Transportation and Smart Grid. MDPI. ISBN 978-3-0365-1936-4. 217 p. Show summary

  This book is a printed version of the Special Issue entitled “Power Converters, Electric Drives and Energy Storage Systems for Electrified Transportation and Smart Grid” on MDPI Energies journal. It presents 10 accepted papers from 18 submitted, as well as an Editorial, with authors from Europe, US, Asia, and Africa. The published papers are related to the emerging trends in solar power, energy storage, electric drives, and power electronic converters based on specific optimization and control methods and algorithms, with focus on electric vehicles and charging stations-based RES towards smart/micro grids. An extensive exploitation of renewable energy sources is foreseen for smart grid, as well as a close integration with the energy storage and recharging issues of the electrified transportation systems. It is expected that by 2050, around 65%–70% of the world’s population to live in urban areas. As our cities become bigger and smarter, this trend leads to new opportunities for specialized and flexible electric vehicles (EVs) designs, new vehicle architectures in order to ensure urban-readiness, such as compatibility with charging infrastructure, appropriate range, different implementation levels of infrastructure, and smart technology. In the next-generation of EVs, power and efficiency are critical. These factors drive the need for new power electronic converters, optimization of powertrain design and power management solutions to optimize system efficiency. Based on these assumptions, the huge interest coming from industry and research centers, and following our previous successful Special Issue with more than 20 papers published, which acquired in the last 3 years more than 400 citations and 50,000 views, we decided to open a new Special Issue. The Special Issue, entitled “Power Converters, Electric Drives and Energy Storage Systems for Electrified Transportation and Smart Grid” on MDPI Energies presents 10 accepted papers from 18 submitted, as well as an Editorial, with authors from Europe, US, Asia, and Africa. The published papers are related to the emerging trends in solar power, energy storage, electric drives and power electronic converters based on specific optimization and control methods and algorithms, with focus on electric vehicles and charging stations-based RES towards smart/micro grids. An extensive exploitation of renewable energy sources is foreseen for smart grid, as well as a close integration with the energy storage and recharging issues of the electrified transportation systems. Innovation at both algorithmic and hardware (i.e., power converters, electric drives, electronic control units, energy storage modules, and charging stations) levels are also proposed.

• Saponara, Sergio; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Saletti, Roberto (2021). DC & Hybrid Micro-Grids. MDPI. ISBN 978-3-0365-1975-3. 173 p. Show summary

  This book is a printed version of the papers published in the Special Issue “DC & Hybrid Microgrids” of Applied Sciences. This Special Issue, co-organized by the University of Pisa, Italy, and Østfold University College in Norway, has collected nine papers and the editorial, from 28 submitted, with authors from Asia, North America, and Europe. The published articles provide an overview of the most recent research advances in direct current (DC) and hybrid microgrids, exploiting the opportunities offered by the use of renewable energy sources, battery energy storage systems, power converters, innovative control, and energy management strategies.

• Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Saponara, Sergio (2020). Energy Storage Systems and Power Conversion Electronics for E-Transportation and Smart Grid. MDPI. ISBN 978-3-03936-426-8. 492 p.
• Fiore, Gaia; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Saponara, Sergio & De Gloria, Alessandro (2020). Exhaustive Modeling of Electric Vehicle Dynamics, Powertrain and Energy Storage/Conversion for Electrical Component Sizing and Diagnostic. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-37276-7. 8 p.
• Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2016). Energy Management of Distributed Generation Systems. IntechOpen. ISBN 978-953-51-2474-0. 250 p.

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• Ahmed, Ibrahim; Pedersen, Andreas & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2024). Smart Microgrid Optimization using Deep Reinforcement Learning by utilizing the Energy Storage Systems. Show summary

  The need for power is expanding quickly, and as fossil fuels are depleted, alternatives based on renewable energy are emerging. In recent years, microgrids, which are based on distributed generation and storage systems, have been on an increasing trend. This generates various new opportunities, one of which is the capacity to monitor, control, and regulate the energy flow inside and outside of the microgrid. By making microgrid’s distributed energy resources (DERs) and energy storage components economically viable with artificial intelligence and machine learning incorporated into the cost-optimization process, the demand for and growth of these technologies will be accelerated significantly. This paper focuses on employing reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms to control energy flow in an AC microgrid. By incorporating artificial intelligence and machine learning into the energy management system (EMS), the paper aims to optimize costs and facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources. The RL agent is designed to trade energy with the main grid, taking advantage of the energy storage system and achieving cost savings. The RL agent is tested using real spot prices data in Norway from a simulation model that combines Python and MATLAB-Simulink software programs for efficient co-simulation technique. Results show significant cost savings of around 14% for a simple model and 7.5% for a complex dynamic model. 10.1109/SGRE59715.2024.10428874

• Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2023). An IoT communication platform for interactive buildings energy management system. Show summary

  More than 40% of the world’s energy is used in buildings, from which 50% of energy is wasted because of non-existing or inefficient building energy management system (BEMS). By using a BEMS energy consumers are more connected, better controlled, monitored and managed, and the smart building has emerged. This paper deals with development of an IoT communication platform for building energy management systems. This is done by using an edge/cloud-computing architecture based on communication modules and service providers. A lab setup with real-time interfaces and data processing, for monitoring and controlling the power generation and consumption in different buildings, will be designed to validate the platform.

• Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Ahmed, Ibrahim (2023). Model Predictive Control of a Packed-U-cells Inverter with PV, Boost and Bidirectional Rectifier for Solid-State Transformers. Show summary

  Balancing the power flow in a three-phase system is one of the challenges in distribution networks, which is even more exacerbated with the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources (RES) and the development of smart grids. The transformer is one of the fundamental devices in power distribution that provides a means to link high-voltage, medium-voltage, and low-voltage networks in addition to galvanic isolation. Classical transformers utilize magnetic coupling with a turn ratio between coils to achieve this basic functionality, but they are bulky, expensive, and do not provide additional smart features. The use of a power electronics transformer (PET), also called a solid-state transformer (SST), has been introduced in the literature using a three-phase to single-phase converter to solve this problem. However, the focus was mainly on the inverter and a basic diode rectifier was used without RES integration. This paper bridged this gap by replacing it with a bidirectional converter and investigating its performance using solar power connected to the DC-link of the three-phase to single-phase solid-state transformer. The bidirectional SST was verified using simulations and the results show that the SST is able to maintain the balance between the three-phase system and the integrated renewable sources while providing bidirectional power flow with high efficiency and low Total Harmonic Distortion.

• Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Saponara, Sergio (2021). Power Converters, Electric Drives and Energy Storage Systems for Electrified Transportation and Smart Grid Applications. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. doi: 10.3390/en14144142.
• Hussien, Mohamed; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Leonowicz, Zbigniew M; Holm-Nielsen, Jens Bo & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2020). Theoretical and Performance Analysis of PWM Control-Based Variable Switching Frequency for Torque Ripple Reduction in SPMSM Drive Systems.
• Saponara, Sergio; Saletti, Roberto & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2020). Recent Trends in DC and Hybrid Microgrids: Opportunities from Renewables Sources, Battery Energy Storages and Bi-Directional Converters. Applied Sciences. ISSN 2076-3417. doi: 10.3390/app10124388. Show summary

  This editorial manuscript reviews the papers accepted for publication in the Special Issue “DC & Hybrid Microgrids” of Applied Sciences. This Special Issue, co-organized by the University of Pisa, Italy and Østfold University College in Norway, has collected nine papers from 25 submitted, with authors from Asia, North America and Europe. The published articles provide an overview of the most recent research advances in direct current (DC) and Hybrid Microgrids, exploiting the opportunities offered by the use of renewable energy sources, battery energy storage systems, power converters, innovative control and energy management strategies.

• Fiore, Gaia; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Saponara, Sergio (2019). Exhaustive modeling of electric vehicle dynamics, power train and energy storage/conversion for electrical component sizing and diagnostic. Show summary

  Electric Vehicles (EVs) will play a major role in meetings Europe’s need for clean and efficiency mobility. The development of new simulation tools, functionalities, and methods integrated with the controlled development of a vehicle-centralized controller will also be part of the future solutions for the next generation of EVs. To improve the safety analysis and reduction costs, the solutions will be based on flexible user-friendly interfaces and specialized software tools. This work presents an exhaustive modeling of EV dynamics, powertrain and energy storage/conversion. The simulation model is useful for both electrical component sizing at designed time and then on-board diagnostic to check component aging. The aim is to model the transient response of the system while preserving the simplicity and feasibility of simulation. The design of an EV requires, among others, the development and optimization of a complete electric powertrain system, including the longitudinal car, battery system components, power electronics, electric machine and control system. The paper presents the modelling and implementation of an entire powertrain system of EVs to describe the EV dynamics with respect to mechanical and electrical system components. Mathematical models based on equations and equivalent circuits are developed and implemented in MATLAB-Simulink and further study for predicting the final vehicle driving performance is performed.

• Saponara, Sergio & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2019). Energy Storage Systems and Power Conversion Electronics for E-Transportation and Smart Grid. Energies. ISSN 1996-1073. doi: 10.3390/en12040663.
• Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Zope, Nitin; Imran Ali, Syed & Bhaskar Ranjana, Mahajan Sagar (2018). Analysis of 132kV/33kV 15MVA Power Transformer Dissolved Gas Using Transport-X Kelman Kit Through Duval’s Triangle and Roger’s Ratio Prediction.
• Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Ozsoy, Emre; Ahmah, Fiaz & Colak, Ilhami (2018). Modified SEPIC Boost Converter with Constant Switching Frequency Modulation Using Sliding Mode Controller.
• Nitin, Zope; Syed Imran, Ali; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Mahajan Sagar Bhaskar, Ranjana & Mihet-Popa, Lucian (2018). Analysis of 132kV/33kV 15MVA Power Transformer Dissolved Gas Using Transport-X Kelman Kit Through Duval’s Triangle and Roger’s Ratio Prediction.
• Emre, Ozsoy; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Fiaz, Ahmah; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Ilhami, Colak (2018). Modified SEPIC Boost Converter with Constant Switching Frequency Modulation Using Sliding Mode Controller.
• Awadelrahman, M. A. Ahmed; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Agert, Carsten; Zong, Yi; Bruna, Jorge & Xiao, X. (2017). Potential Energy Flexibility for a hot-water based heating system in smart buildings via Economic Model Predictive Control. Show summary

  This paper studies the potential of shifting the heating energy consumption in a residential building to low price periods based on varying electricity price signals suing Economic Model Predictive Control strategy. The investigated heating system consists of a heat pump incorporated with a hot water tank as active thermal energy storage, where two optimization problems are integrated together to optimize both of the heat pump electricity consumption and the building heating consumption. A sensitivity analysis for the system flexibility is examined. The results revealed that the proposed controller can successfully achieve significant shifting potentials compared to a baseline case.

• Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; V, Sridhar; S, Umashankar; K. Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna & Fedák, Viliam (2017). Control Architecture for Cascaded H-Bridge Inverters in Large-Scale PV Systems.
• Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Vavilapalli, Sridhar; S, Umashankar; Fedák, Viliam & K. Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna y (2017). A Buck-Chopper Based Energy Storage System for the Cascaded H-Bridge Inverters in PV Applications.
• Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Shankar V.K., Arun; S, Umashankar; Fedák, Viliam & K. Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna (2017). Power Quality Performance Analysis of grid tied PV fed Parallel Pumping System under Normal and Vibrating Condition.
• Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban; Shankar V.K., Arun; S, Umashankar; Fedák, Viliam & K. Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna (2017). Investigations of Power Quality Disturbances in a Variable Speed Parallel Pumping System with Grid tied solar PV.
• Santos, Rui; Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Zong, Yi; You, Shi; Sousa, João & Mendonca, Luis (2016). Fuzzy Predictive Filtering in Nonlinear Economic Model Predictive Control for Demand Response.
• Mihet-Popa, Lucian; Zong, Yi; You, Shi & Groza, Voicu (2016). Simulation Platform Developed to Study and Identify Critical Cases in a Future Smart Grid. Show summary

  This paper proposes a simulation platform developed to study and identify critical cases in a Smart Grid. A distribution network with different Distributed Energy Resources (DER) components, connected along the feeders, is analyzed, having the objective to identify limitations of existing simulation and planning tools, with a particular objective on the challenges faced by the introduction of Smart Grid technologies. Another important issue of the paper is to identify critical load cases, as well as the voltage variations with the highest potential, able to implement the grid model and the worst case scenarios developed.

• Fiore, Gaia; Mihet-Popa, Lucian & Saponara, Sergio (2019). EXHAUSTIVE MODELING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE DYNAMICS, POWER TRAIN AND ENERGY STORAGE/CONVERSION FOR ELECTRICAL COMPONENT SIZING AND DIAGNOSTIC. Pisa University Press.

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