Manikandan Palanichamy

• Palanichamy, Manikandan & Lin, Gwendolyn Claire (2026). From Automation to Adaptation: The Quad Intelligence Framework for Climate-Resilient Agriculture. I Qureshi, Kashif Naseer; Ghafoor, Kayhan Zrar & Omer, Saman Muhammad (Red.), AI-Driven Farming Systems With Minimal Human Intervention. IGI Global. ISSN 9798337392974. s. 31–60. doi: 10.4018/979-8-3373-9295-0.ch002. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Digital transformation in agriculture prioritized efficiency over climate adaptation, and such systems struggle when conditions shift beyond historical patterns. Current research remains fragmented while perceiving AI as pure automation and overlooking human cognition, collective networks, and ethics. This chapter introduces the Quad Intelligence Framework: Computational Intelligence (AI optimization), Human Cognitive Intelligence (adaptive judgment), Collective Intelligence (farmer networks), and Ethical Intelligence (accountability). Ten global implementations were analyzed across monitoring, early warning, and crop management, finding they favor efficiency over adaptation. Computational intelligence alone delivers short-term productivity but cannot adapt to climate uncertainty. Strategic integration of all four dimensions transforms efficiency-based systems into climate-resilient instruments by incorporating farmer's climate knowledge, collective networks, and sustainability thinking. The chapter provides roadmaps for transitioning to resilience-oriented digital agriculture.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). SpaceX Starlink: Revolutionizing Satellite Internet Through LEO Innovation, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 299–320. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.ch15. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This chapter presents a case study on SpaceX's Starlink project and its revolutionary approach to overcoming traditional satellite communication limitations, particularly latency issues. The study explores the strategic transition from geostationary satellites to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations, and how Starlink's unique engineering concepts have revolutionized satellite communication. Specifically, technologies such as inter‐satellite links and phased‐array antennas have been implemented to enhance performance. Thus, their innovative technologies have successfully compressed latency from 500–600 ms down to 20–40 ms. This work also discusses how SpaceX's cost‐effective satellite deployment via reused rockets becomes the enabler, although there are also fears about space debris and orbital congestion. The chapter also considers the implications of Starlink technology for the access to global internet and how it could help (or not) to close the digital divide.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). Huawei's Autonomous Networks: AI Innovation Amid Global Tensions, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 277–298. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.ch14. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This chapter examines Huawei's pioneering role in developing AI‐driven telecom network optimization systems, and their innovative Autonomous Driving Network (ADN) concept. It breaks down how Huawei has evolved the old school rule‐based network management into an intelligent self‐optimizing system, and able to handle various data in real time. The study takes readers from traditional systems to AI‐driven solutions that predict network failures down to an accuracy of 90%+. It also discusses numerous cybersecurity, scalability, and energy efficiency challenges. This chapter also explores the political and regulatory consequences surrounding Huawei's involvement in global telecommunications infrastructure. Security concerns and international relations issues have significantly impacted global telecommunication network development. These factors have created complex challenges due to Huawei's market dominance in the sector.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). Ericsson's 5G Infrastructure: Mobile to Connected Future, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 251–276. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.ch13. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  From 1G to 5G, Ericsson has been at the heart of telecommunications evolution, shaping both the technologies and architectures that define each generation. Particularly, they played a central role in developing and deploying 5G infrastructure. This chapter explores Ericsson's approach to overcoming critical 5G deployment hurdles, and how key challenges were addressed including spectrum use optimization, infrastructure investment strategies, and cybersecurity protocols. The study highlights their innovative solutions such as network slicing technology, energy‐efficient base stations, and Massive MIMO implementations. This uncovers 5G technical challenges and outlines the way Ericsson has strategically positioned itself to face regulatory and infrastructure development difficulties. The chapter also touches on the future vision of the company to 6G technology. Their strategic positioning establishes them as a critical enabler of next‐generation telecommunications infrastructure that could revolutionize sectors ranging from autonomous vehicles to smart city ecosystems.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). Silicon Carbide Breakthrough: STMicroelectronics’ EV Leadership, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 231–250. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.ch12. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  How did an accidental crystal discovery in 1824, became the cornerstone of today's electric vehicle revolution? The answer is silicon carbide (SiC), a remarkable semiconductor that is changing the face of power electronics. This case study unveils STMicroelectronics’ strategy to reach the top of the SiC market between 2019–2024. STMicroelectronics went from being a standard semiconductor company to becoming a vertically integrated powerhouse. Its state‐of‐the‐art facility in Catania, Italy, together with a game‐changing partnership with Tesla, has pushed the boundaries of what's possible in electric vehicle efficiency. The fact that they achieved 99% efficiency in third generation SiC MOSFETs is a significant technical achievement. But most importantly, it speaks not only to the strategic vision but also of how material innovation can speed up the move toward sustainable transportation.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). AMD−NVIDIA GPU Revolution: Power and Performance Dominance, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 215–230. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.ch11. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This chapter explores the intense competition between AMD and NVIDIA in developing power‐efficient GPUs, tracing the evolution from basic graphics accelerators to sophisticated computing powerhouses. It explores how these titans of the industry have pivoted to satisfy increasing pressure for energy‐efficient solutions in gaming, data centers, AI, and cryptocurrency mining. The study shows the journey of the evolution in GPU technology. It is going from Ivan Sutherland's Sketchpad to programmable architecture today, with high importance put on pivotal inventions and their influence in industry. Second, this chapter examines the strategic battle between these two tech giants, AMD and NVIDIA. It explores the motivations driving each company and the engineering breakthroughs that have shaped what is arguably the most dominant rivalry of the last decade. And further, it recognizes the leading‐edge emerging competitors and GPU centered markets in the worldwide GPU landscape.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). Intel's 3D Transistor Stacking: Vertical Scaling Breakthrough, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 199–214. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.ch10. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  When Moore's Law was running up against its physical and economic boundaries, Intel redefined the roadmap of semiconductor design from 2D scaling to vertical 3D stacking and state‐of‐the‐art transistor architectures. This chapter explores how Intel pioneered FinFET and RibbonFET, two advanced transistor technologies that address critical challenges in power leakage, heat dissipation, and economic viability as semiconductor nodes continue to shrink. Much like the construction of skyscrapers, this innovation represents a shift in architectural design philosophy. The new approach achieves higher transistor density and lower power consumption. These improvements ensure sustained performance scaling for high‐performance computing, artificial intelligence, and data‐centric applications for the future. Viewed through historical glasses, this chapter observes how the industry went from planar MOSFETs to modern tech, a new era milestone in chip design. It provides a comprehensive real‐world example of Intel's innovation journey. The case study covers key milestones, the limitations of traditional scaling throughput, and the industry's broader shift toward 3D chip integration. It is culminating in the next generation of computing with a concluding chapter on how this shift affects the future of computation.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). Nordic Semiconductor's Ultra‐Low‐Power Revolution: IoT Energy Trilemma, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 183–198. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.ch09. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The explosive growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has brought with it a persistent challenge: power consumption. In this chapter, we trace the journey of ultra‐low‐power wireless technologies with dynamic power management and FinFET chips design. Using an in‐depth examination of Nordic Semiconductor, reveals how BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) remade wearables, smart homes, and medical devices. Dynamic voltage scaling, duty cycling and low‐power transistors are described in depth over selected technical strategies using examples from industry. The necessary trade‐offs between power, performance and range in a landscape with an emphasis made from the different ways Nordic have solved this trilemma. This chapter provides a balanced assessment of how power efficiency has emerged as the lifeblood of IoT innovation with the help of a well‐balanced blend of technical‐depth and historical context.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). TSMC's N3 Breakthrough: Beyond Moore's Law, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 167–182. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.ch08. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  As the semiconductor industry edges closer to the physical limits of Moore's Law, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company's (TSMC's) 3 nm (N3) process technology sets a new benchmark with approximately 300 million transistors per square millimeter, delivering up to 15% performance gains and 30% power‐efficiency improvements over its 5 nm predecessor. This chapter explores the technological marvel and engineering challenges behind the development of TSMC's N3 process technology. Key innovations such as FinFlex™, Gate‐All‐Around (GAA) transistor architectures, and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography have enabled these advancements despite daunting manufacturing complexities, power leakage, and quantum effects. Using practical analogies and real‐world examples like the A17 Pro chip in the iPhone 15 Pro, the chapter illustrates how TSMC continues to lead in nanoscale semiconductor innovation while navigating the complexities of defect control, yield optimization, and cost‐performance trade‐offs in the post‐Moore era.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). Semiconductors, Circuits, and Connectivity, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 165–166. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.part02. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This section examines transformative innovations reshaping semiconductor technology and global connectivity infrastructure. It explores TSMC's N3 process node advancement, Nordic Semiconductor's ultra-low-power IoT solutions, and Intel's pioneering 3D transistor stacking techniques. The chapters analyze AMD and NVIDIA's GPU architectures driving computational performance, STMicroelectronics' silicon carbide breakthroughs enabling efficient electric vehicle power systems, and Ericsson's 5G infrastructure deployment strategies. Additionally, it investigates Huawei's AI-driven autonomous network technologies developed amid geopolitical challenges and SpaceX Starlink's low Earth orbit satellite constellation revolutionizing global internet accessibility. These case studies demonstrate how industry leaders navigate technical constraints, market demands, and regulatory landscapes while pushing the boundaries of Moore's Law, energy efficiency, and wireless communication capabilities in an increasingly interconnected world.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). Tesla's Approach to Grid‐Scale Battery Storage, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 139–164. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.ch07. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This chapter explores the cutting edge of grid‐scale battery energy storage systems (BESS) as laid out by Tesla. It is addressing the essential problem of how to integrate intermittent renewable energy sources into existing power grids. Using the Hornsdale Power Reserve project in South Australia as an example, this discussion highlights how state‐of‐the‐art BESS can solve grid stability challenges and unlock the potential for greater renewable energy adoption. In this study, the impact of Tesla's battery systems is analyzed in detail, along with measures used worldwide to evaluate battery performance. Challenges such as heat dissipation, mechanical fatigue, and grid interconnection complexity are examined. The chapter also explores advancements and implications for scaling BESS solutions, emphasizing the critical role of energy storage in supporting the global transition to renewable energy.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). London Array: NEXANS’ Subsea Cable Breakthrough, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 117–138. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.ch06. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This chapter examines the London Array Offshore Wind Farm project as a landmark achievement in renewable energy engineering. The study focuses on the technical challenges of harnessing offshore wind power, and how NEXANS overcame the big issues of design and installation of subsea cables. It furthermore elaborates the important technical field of power systems, cable optimization, and electromagnetic interference control. This study also highlights how this project contributes to further sustainability in the future energy infrastructure development and supporting the European climate goals.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). Blacksmith to Smart Wind: Vestas’ AI Transformation, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 93–116. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.ch05. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The remarkable transformation of Vestas as a global wind energy leader perfectly illustrates how traditional industries can evolve through innovation and smart technologies to become pioneers in renewable energy solutions. In this chapter we investigate the combination of artificial intelligence, IoT sensors, and big data analytics in Vestas turbine systems that illustrate the intra‐operability pioneer projects within the company. It features predictive maintenance, aerodynamic research, and energy hybrids irrelevant to financial meltdowns, infrastructure struggles, and cybersecurity attacks. Vestas continue to develop even further turbine efficiencies with hybridization. A step in the evolution of Vestas, the wind turbine is very similar to the evolution of wind energy from primitive early designs to modular AI controlled giants. In smart wind turbines and smart grid battle, Vestas show their strength as an energy supplier through agile technologies.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). First Solar's Cadmium Telluride Revolution: Disrupting Silicon Dominance, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 75–92. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.ch04. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this chapter we trace the radical emergence of cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar panel technology through the First Solar company. It begins by examining the limitations of traditional silicon‐based photovoltaic cells and the increasing global demand to develop scalable, efficient, and affordable solar solutions. CdTe panels became a disruptive alternative with essentially no performance trade‐off across climates and shorter energy payback time draw on this historical survey of the development of solar power from limited discoveries, and the photovoltaic effect‐up until our current paradigm primarily dominated by silicon‐based photovoltaics and finally entering in the thin‐film technology era. Centrality is attributed to First Solar's innovations, strategy and relentless research and development on CdTe. It brought technology from lab proof of concept into a commercial product. It explores an example of new technologies potentially shaking the foundations of renewable energy and disrupting the deeply rooted practices within this sector.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). DONG to Ørsted: Viking Longship Green Hydrogen Strategy, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 53–74. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.ch03. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Ørsted, formerly Denmark's dominant oil and gas company, DONG Energy, exemplifies one of the most profound corporate energy transitions in recent history. Having divested its fossil fuel assets and flipped gears to offshore wind and green hydrogen it will now be seen as a global sustainable energy leader. This chapter discusses Ørsted's strategy shift to lead in the field of large‐scale green hydrogen through land‐based projects in Ørsted Land, SeaH2Land, Gigastack and Green Fuels for Denmark. This chapter focuses on the innovative “Viking Longship Strategy” of Viking Longship ‒ an all‐in‐one coordination of technology developers, blue dynamos and industrial clusters for efficient scale‐up of hydrogen production. It emphasized synergy policy navigator and infrastructure integration.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). GreenHyScale Denmark: Large‐Scale Green Hydrogen Engineering, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 31–52. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.ch02. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Transitioning from fossil‐based hydrogen to green hydrogen is like converting a diesel ship to an electric mid‐voyage ‒ complex, but essential. That journey is the subject of this chapter, GreenHyScale project in Denmark ‒ a green belt hydrogen production from renewable electricity on a larger scale. This covers the progression through green hydrogen systems and renewable energy, predominantly focusing on large‐scale electrolysis technologies (alkaline, PEM and SOEC) development. This chapter lays out the importance of green hydrogen for decarbonization and describes key technical, economic, and policy hurdles that will determine its path forward. Through extensive use of engineering solutions, collaborative activities and strategic frameworks the book demonstrates how green hydrogen can turn energy storage, industrial processes, and power systems upside down. At the end of the chapter, it stresses the disruptive ability of engineering to deliver a long‐term European hydrogen economy across Europe and worldwide.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). BorWin2: HVDC Breakthrough for Offshore Wind, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 15–30. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.ch01. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Designed to test the harshest marine conditions, BorWin2 presented an upgrade from a high‐voltage direct current transmission, HVDC Light® to HVDC Plus technology allowing for the engineering of long‐distance power transfer with minimal losses. Examining Siemens challenges and solutions provides valuable insights within Germany's energy transformation context. Siemens faced technology, environmental, and strategic challenges. Their experience reflects Europe's broader green energy shift. It demonstrates effective methods for connecting massive offshore renewable projects to national power grids. This chapter explores the groundbreaking BorWin2 project, designed by Siemens to transport offshore wind power from the North Sea to the German mainland.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). Renewable Energies and Power Infrastructure introduction, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISSN 9781394359431. s. 1–14. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462.cintro. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This provides comprehensive explorations of fundamental engineering principles, theories, and methodologies essential for understanding renewable energies and power infrastructure. Through carefully selected case studies, it offers practical discussions on the limitations and boundaries of each application, clearly identifying contexts where specific approaches may not be suitable. By bridging the gap between theoretical frameworks and real-world implementation, this resource serves as an invaluable tool for engineers, researchers, and practitioners working in the renewable energy sector. The book emphasizes critical thinking by not only presenting successful solutions but also analyzing constraints, challenges, and lessons learned, enabling readers to make informed decisions when designing and deploying sustainable power systems in diverse operational environments.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). Next-generation hydrogen storage: Artificial intelligence-powered optimization for clean energy. Next Energy. 11, s. 100563–100563. doi: 10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100563. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Transportation and storage costs represent a significant portion of delivered hydrogen expenses. As the world transitions to sustainable energy, hydrogen emerges as a promising clean energy carrier. However, storage remains a major challenge. This comprehensive review examines how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming hydrogen storage design. AI offers new solutions to overcome existing storage limitations. The technology is revolutionizing traditional methods through smart composite tank designs and AI- accelerated material screening processes. This paper analyzes practical implementations across leading global economies, and AI-powered systems demonstrate improved storage efficiency and enhanced safety measures. The integration of AI in hydrogen infrastructure addresses critical gaps in current storage solutions. The analysis draws from global policy developments, strategic initiatives, and recent technological advances. A notable innovation is also highlighted, such as powdered hydrogen storage using sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), which stores hydrogen safely in dry powder form and releases it on demand with water. While kinetic limitations and reversibility challenges are currently hindering large-scale applications, AI integration enables on-demand control and safety optimization to support scalable and safe transportation solutions. These AI-driven innovations enhance storage capabilities significantly and accelerate hydrogen's integration into the global clean energy system. The findings demonstrate AI's crucial role in making hydrogen storage more efficient, safer, and economically viable.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Artificial Intelligence Applications in Green Hydrogen Production Technologies. IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS). ISSN 2472-761X. doi: 10.1109/ewdts67441.2025.11303674. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper explores how artificial intelligence, and computational methods like ML can transform green hydrogen while overviewing green hydrogen production technologies. AI has already revolutionized manufacturing industries by turning complex data into useful insights. Now, it offers similar potential for hydrogen technology. This work shows various AI techniques used in green hydrogen production, including optimization strategies, predictive maintenance systems, and intelligent control systems. The review highlights AI-driven digital twins and hybrid architectures in electrolysis systems as particularly promising developments. Machine learning applications demonstrate significant improvements in production efficiency and cost reduction. This study emphasizes key challenges including data quality, standardization, and regulatory frameworks, while identifying future research directions in this fast-evolving field for cost-effective, and sustainable hydrogen production.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). CAM Technology for High-Performance Distributed Network Systems. IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS). ISSN 2472-761X. doi: 10.1109/EWDTS67441.2025.11303683. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Content Addressable Memory (CAM) technology is transforming high-performance distributed network systems. It enables parallel searches across distributed infrastructures for instant packet routing and security decisions. CAM processes millions of packets per second with sub-microsecond latency, making it essential for large-scale distributed deployments. This paper examines CAM's role in distributed networking paradigms including Software-Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualization (NFV), and distributed data center architectures. CAM's parallel processing capabilities significantly enhance performance across distributed network nodes, improving packet classification, forwarding mechanisms, and security implementations. This work demonstrates CAM's impact on distributed network system scalability and consistent high-performance operations. However, challenges remain in power efficiency and cross-node coordination. The study highlights emerging trends including AI/ML integration, and edge computing applications. CAM continues evolving as a fundamental solution for high-performance distributed network infrastructures.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Next-Generation Network Infrastructure: Exploration of Content-Addressable Memory for Enhanced Security, Performance, and Sustainability. I Rajasekaran, T. (Red.), Proceedings of 2025 International Conference on NexGen Networks and Cybernetics (IC2NC). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9798331594848. s. 85–90. doi: 10.1109/IC2NC67409.2025.11376126. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Content-Addressable Memory (CAM) has emerged as transformative technology revolutionizing modern network infrastructure through its unique data processing capabilities and sophisticated pattern matching mechanisms. This paper presents comprehensive analysis of CAM's impact on data center networks (DCN), network security, performance optimization, and environmental sustainability. Through examination of real-world implementations by leading industry leaders and streaming services, this research demonstrates CAM's practical effectiveness in high-demand environments. The study reveals how CAM enables real-time threat detection, dynamic rule management, and intelligent traffic optimization surpassing traditional sequential processing limitations. Moreover, this paper addresses energy efficiency improvements through innovative CAM designs, demonstrating substantial power reductions while maintaining operational excellence. Future research directions emphasize architectural innovations for edge computing applications and sustainable network infrastructure, positioning CAM as foundational technology for next-generation network systems.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). A Technical Comparative Analysis of LoRaWAN Technologies for Smart Industrial IoT. I Nandagopal, S. (Red.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS-2025). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 9798331512088. s. 103–108. doi: 10.1109/ICICCS65191.2025.10984929. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  LoRaWAN is an essential technology in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), getting significant industry attention due to its long-range communication capabilities, energy efficiency, ease of implementation, and cost-effective infrastructure. This paper explores LoRaWAN's critical role in modern smart industries, highlighting its contributions to enhancing industrial operations, safety, and data collection processes. Through a comparative analysis of recent research, the paper analyses key technical parameters, exploring the trade-offs between performance, scalability, and security. By providing a thorough examination of these aspects, this paper offers valuable insights for professionals and researchers aiming to leverage LoRaWAN technology for advancements in IIoT, ultimately driving innovation and efficiency in industrial applications.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Emerging Technologies to Transform Conventional Domains into Smart Industrial IoT: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology. doi: https:/www.ijeat.org/portfolio-item/E462014050625/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) contributes as a key technology in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). LoRaWAN receives consistent industrial attention due to its far-reaching long-range communication capability, low power consumption, and easy-to-adapt architecture, which requires minimal infrastructure costs. This paper provides more insightful information about LoRaWAN in IIoT, illustrating how LoRaWAN optimises operational efficiency, safety, remote data collection, and sustainability through its dynamic features in industrial settings. Additionally, this paper explores the integration of LoRaWAN with emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, edge computing, and blockchain. While this paper emphasizes the potential of promising trends in the IIoT ecosystem, it also explores relevant challenges like scalability, security, and interoperability that demand the need for continued research. The comparative analysis of recent research works highlights key technical parameters. It is helpful to critically examine the trade-offs between performance, scalability, and security, and address them with novel solutions. In summary, this paper offers valuable insights for industry professionals and researchers seeking to leverage LoRaWAN to advance the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Delay Testing in Integrated Circuits: Methodologies for Path Delay Fault Detection and Hardware Security. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA). ISSN 0975-2307. 17(No. 02), s. 21–41. doi: 10.5121/ijnsa.2025.17202. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  As semiconductor technology advances, high-speed circuits are becoming more common, which increases the chance of delay faults that can disrupt circuit timing. This paper explores the important issue of delay faults and reviews different testing methods, particularly focusing on path delay fault (PDF) testing and its role in hardware security. Various delay fault models and test generation techniques were discussed. The experiments on benchmark circuits showed that this approach could achieve a 12.7% to 19.6% increase in detecting path delay faults in circuits affected by hardware Trojans. These results highlight the need for effective delay testing methods to ensure the reliability of integrated circuits. This work recommends future research to focus on creating more efficient test generation methods and integrating security measures into standard testing practices.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Integrating Generative AI into Network Systems: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions. International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology. ISSN 2349-0829. 73(Issue 4), s. 5–18. doi: 10.14445/22312803/IJCTT-V73I4P102. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper examines the problems and opportunities when incorporating generative AI (GAI) models in network systems. Model interpretability plays a vital role in creating trust and ensuring these technologies are used responsibly. Training such GAI models require significant computational resources, highlighting the need for advancements in both hardware and software. As AI advances, it is necessary to consider GAI usability in next-generation network technologies, including automated design, real-time optimization and AI-powered security. As a contribution, this paper reviews what happened in recent achievements of the GAI crossing to networking so far and how it can lead to more flexible and intelligent networking infrastructures. It further discusses the challenges that need to be addressed and directions for future research. Thus, the intention of this work is to analyze and explore the potential of applying GAI in next-generation network systems and ensure that it effectively meets future demands.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Patel, Ramesh; Gopalakrishnan, Sundar & Palaniswamy, Karthikeyan (2024). Advanced Path Delay Fault Testing Strategies in High-Performance Digital Circuits. IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS). ISSN 2472-761X. doi: 10.1109/EWDTS63723.2024.10873667. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The presence of delay faults and addressing them in high-speed digital circuits is an important and challenging task in industries. Delay faults affect the performance of the circuits. To detect such delay defects and assure the timing accuracy of the circuit delay testing plays a critical role. In this paper, a brief of delay testing techniques with emphasis on path delay fault testing is reviewed. A review presented in this paper highlights significant delay test methodologies with the assumption of its greater impact in the future than it has now. We also used the path delay fault testing to detect the infected integrated circuits with improved fault coverage.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Patel, Ramesh; Gopalakrishnan, Sundar & Palaniswamy, Karthikeyan (2024). Revolutionizing Industrial IoT with LoRaWAN for Smarter and Greener Industries. IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS). ISSN 2472-761X. doi: 10.1109/EWDTS63723.2024.10873645. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has transformed the traditional industrial processes into smart sensor-centric processes where data can be communicated wirelessly, stored in cloud and evaluated using advanced algorithms. In this approach, it is very important to handle sensor's data while multiple sensors spread within a larger geographical area and making the precise decision. LoRaWAN plays a key role in numerous applications while handling sensor data. This paper explores the potential of LoRaWAN in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The long-range, and lowpower capabilities of LoRaWAN plays an important role to increase operational efficiency, safety, and sustainability in many industries. The case study shows that LoRaWAN is a strategic enabler to IIoT innovation and sustainability despite of its challenges such as scalability, interference, and security.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2016). LED Growth Light with Flexible Photoperiods and Programmable Light Output Intensity. Proceedings of 2016 International Conference on Plant Factory (ICPF’2016). ISSN 2301-3737. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Water, food and energy are going to be a big challenge in the future. As a result of understanding this fact that the world cannot only depend on conventional agriculture, it is moving towards soil-free, sunlight-free, and pesticides-free self-sustainable indoor cultivation systems. Indoor cultivation works without changing anything about the genetics of seeds but just by optimizing the environment where plants are growing, so called a controlled environment. Researchers, engineers and programmers are helping to rebuild the global agriculture industry by providing a path of technological opportunities for people of modest means to become farmers. Thus, LED lighting systems were introduced to replace sunlight in indoor cultivation systems. When LEDs are applied in such high power application as multiple parallel strings it has a current deviation issue that leads to short life-time, uncontrolled light intensity, and additional energy consumption of LEDs. This paper presents an active current balance approach by using switch mode current converters to regulate and balance the current in each LED string with flexible photoperiod and light intensity levels. We also improved the current deviation deficiency from 32.7-28.5% to 6.5% in multi-parallel LED strings system.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Ba, Papa-Sidy; Dupuis, Sophie; Flottes, Marie-Lise; Natale, Giorgio Di & Rouzeyre, Bruno (2016). Hardware Trust through Layout Filling: A Hardware Trojan Prevention Technique. 2016 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI). doi: 10.1109/ISVLSI.2016.22. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The insertion of malicious alterations to a circuit, referred to as Hardware Trojans, is a threat considered more and more seriously during the last years. Numerous methods have been proposed in the literature to detect the presence of such alterations. More recently, Design-for-Hardware-Trust (DfHT) methods have been proposed, that enhance the design of the circuit in order to incorporate features that can either prevent the insertion of a HT or that can help detection methods. This paper focuses on a HT prevention technique that aims at creating a layout without filler cells, which are assumed to provide a great opportunity for HT insertion, in order to make the insertion of a HT in a layout as difficult as possible.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Ba, Papa-Sidy; Dupuis, Sophie; Flottes, Marie-Lise; Natale, Giorgio Di & Rouzeyre, Bruno (2015). Hardware Trojan prevention using layout-level design approach. 2015 European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD). doi: 10.1109/ECCTD.2015.7300093. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Hardware Trojans (HTs) are ultimately a dangerous threat in semiconductor industry. The serious impact of HTs in security applications and global economy brings extreme importance to their detection and prevention techniques. This paper focuses on developing a HT prevention techniques through a layout level design approach. The principle is to let no available space on silicon for an attacker to insert a HT. Experiments determine the maximum occupational rate and critical empty spaces while filling with standard cells. The proposed technique makes HT insertion nearly impossible.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Areef, Mohammad; Larsen, Bjørn B. & Hahanov, Vladimir (2015). Selective algorithms for built-in self-test and self-diagnosis in embedded SRAMS. Journal of Low Power Electronics. ISSN 1546-1998. 11(4), s. 541–551. doi: 10.1166/jolpe.2015.1412. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Memories are one of the most universal cores that are embedded into almost all system on chips (SoCs). Finding cost effective test solution for embedded memories is paramount. Industries are still improving the existing low cost memory test solutions which can support current technologies and advanced SoC architectures. This paper presents a programmable built-in self-diagnosis (PBISD) methodology with self-test for embedded SRAMs. The BISD logic adapts the test controller with micro code encoding technique in order to control the test operation sequences for fault detection. It also encompasses a diagnosis array in order to locate the fault sites. The macro codes are used to select any of seven MARCH algorithms, and detect different faults of the memory under test (MUT). This BISD supports the test, diagnosis and normal operation modes. The experimental results show that this work gives 17–47% improved area overhead and 16–41% enhanced speed compared to three published results.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2013). Quantum modeling and repairing digital systems. East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS 2013). doi: 10.1109/EWDTS.2013.6673087. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The results of studies concerning the models and methods of quantum diagnosis of digital systems, qubit fault simulation and analysis of fault-free behavior, as well as repair of faulty primitives, are presented.

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• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781394359431. 352 s. doi: 10.1002/9781394359462. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This textbook describes real world engineering case studies included within follow a common, intuitively organized format. Each case begins with a brief synopsis outlining the example’s subdiscipline, industry, and stakeholders. It then moves on to discuss the case’s background and technical details, followed by a succinct problem statement, a detailed analysis and solution, the real-world outcome and an evaluation of the attempted solution, and key takeaways and teaching notes for instructors. Perfect for professional engineers and engineering consultants, Real-World Electrical Engineering Case Studies will also benefit science journalists and communicators, researchers, academics, and entrepreneurs.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2024). Self-Testing for Microelectronic circuits in semiconductor industries: Testing compact circuits in modern electronics. Norwegian University of Science and Technology - Faculty of Engineering - Department of Energy and Process Engineering. ISBN 9798343327557. doi: https:/www.amazon.com/Self-Testing-Microelectronic-circuits-semiconductor-industries/dp/B0DKB54YJV. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  VLSI microelectronics testing is used to identify faulty integrated circuits and to guarantee the quality of fault-free circuits. The testing strategy depends on the type of circuit (combinational circuits, sequential circuits, memory circuits). In the first part of this book, the focus is on path delay fault testing of combinational circuits as well as special functional memory circuits. In the second part, the issue of adapting BIST techniques in combinational circuits (ex: Arithmetic BIST), and memory circuits (ex: Static RAM BIST, and Content addressable Memory BIST) are addressed.

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• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). International Advisory Board member and Keynote speech on balancing Digital Transformation and Climate Commitments: The Role of Sustainable Data Centers. doi: https:/sites.google.com/view/3icre-2026/committees. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  As India pursues its ambitious Net Zero 2070 vision alongside rapid digital transformation through initiatives like Digital India, an often-overlooked challenge emerges: the environmental impact of data centers. Globally, data centers consume 1-2% of total electricity, with this figure rising exponentially due to cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and IoT expansion. This keynote examines the critical balance between India's digital ambitions and climate commitments, exploring sustainable solutions for data center operations. Key strategies include energy-efficient cooling systems, renewable energy integration leveraging India's solar and wind potential, AI-driven workload optimization, waste heat recovery through circular economy principles, and green hydrogen as backup power. The presentation emphasizes that achieving sustainable data centers requires collaborative efforts among researchers, industry practitioners, policymakers, and technology innovators. Furthermore, it highlights the crucial role of engineering education in preparing future professionals through case-based learning approaches. Aligning data center sustainability with India's National Green Hydrogen Mission represents both a technical challenge and an opportunity for innovation in the journey toward carbon neutrality.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). International Advisory Board and Keynote speech on how Electrical Engineering Case Studies Bridge the Gap Between Classroom and Real-World Power Systems. doi: https:/www.hiof.no/english/about/collaboration/educational-projects/green-energy-innovation-through-international-collaboration/arrangementer/h2resa-2026-global-conference.html. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Engineering education faces a critical challenge in bridging the gap between classroom theory and real-world practice. Research on industrial requirements shows that problem-solving in ambiguous situations as the most critical competency. This gap becomes particularly evident as India pursues its Net Zero 2070 vision. The National Green Hydrogen Mission, with its allocation of 19,744 crores demands engineers who can translate hydrogen production theories into practical infrastructure. Hard-to-abate sectors like steel, cement, and transport require professionals who understand not just science but also the economic, regulatory, and implementation challenges of deploying green hydrogen at scale. Consider how other high-stakes professions prepare their practitioners. Pilots train on simulators, surgeons practice through clinical cases, and business leaders study real decisions. Engineers should be no different. Yet traditional education often prioritizes abstract problem-solving over contextual application, preparing graduates for implementing real-world renewable energy solutions. The solution lies in industrial case-based learning. Case studies transform concepts into solutions while developing higher-order thinking skills essential for engineering judgment. Case-based education delivers five outcomes, critical for India's energy transition. It builds applied knowledge in contexts like battery lifecycle management or hydrogen storage. It develops critical thinking about technology deployment. It cultivates problem-solving intuition across renewable projects. It fosters contextual thinking about regulatory and economic constraints. Finally, it enables learning from real-world implementations. Bridging this gap requires collective commitment. Students must seek real cases from India's renewable sector. As we gather at H₂RESA 2026, India stands poised with 1164 GW wind and 748 GW solar potential. Achieving Net Zero by 2070 depends on engineers translating theories into practical solutions. Case-based learning provides the essential bridge from theory to reality.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; P, Rachchelle; M, Kesava & P, Karthikeyan (2026). Digital Shadow Framework for Degradation Assessment and RUL-Oriented Analysis of a PEM Fuel Cell System. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study presents a Digital Shadow–based framework for monitoring Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell degradation under dynamic Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Test Procedure (WLTP) operating conditions. A 1 kW PEM fuel cell stack was subjected to scaled WLTP load profiles, and synchronized electrical and thermal time-series data were continuously acquired. A physics-informed Electro-Thermal Stress Indicator was developed to capture operational stress during transient load variations. A Degradation Index (DI) was constructed to represent the cumulative health state of the system. Results show gradual DI increase indicating stable early-life degradation behavior, with Remaining Useful Life exceeding 95%. Voltage degradation remained minimal, suggesting limited irreversible electrochemical damage. The proposed data-driven framework enables real-time degradation monitoring without feedback control, establishing a foundation for predictive maintenance and lifetime assessment of automotive fuel cell systems.

• P, Rachchelle; Palanichamy, Manikandan; P, Karthikeyan & P, Govindaraj (2026). Experimental Characterization and Performance Evaluation of a PEM Fuel Cell under WLTP Driving Cycle Conditions. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study experimentally investigates the dynamic performance of a 1 kW Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack under Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Test Procedure (WLTP) driving cycle conditions, representing realistic automotive operation. The fuel cell was subjected to scaled WLTP dynamic power profiles, and synchronized electrical parameters including voltage, current, and power were measured. Results demonstrate stable operation with effective power delivery during rapid load transitions. A MATLAB-based Proportional-Integral (PI) controller was implemented to enhance dynamic power tracking during transient variations. Comparative analysis between uncontrolled and PI-controlled responses shows improved tracking accuracy of 3.72% and reduced deviations during load changes. Polarization characteristics confirm expected electrochemical behavior across the operating range. The integrated electro-thermal performance analysis validates the capability of PEM fuel cells to handle realistic automotive power demands, supporting their feasibility for zero-emission transportation and sustainable mobility systems.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Lin, Gwendolyn Claire; P, Rachchelle; M, Kesava.; P, Karthikeyan & Jain, I. P. [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Separating Reversible and Irreversible Operating Stress in PEM Fuel Cells under Dynamic Driving Conditions. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  PEM fuel cells used in transportation operate under continuously varying load conditions, where rapid current changes induce voltage fluctuations and temperature responses. Many studies evaluate this behavior using average performance indicators that describe overall trends but do not clearly distinguish temporary operating stress from stress that persists under dynamic conditions. As a result, identifying driving phases that impose critical operational stress remains challenging. The novelty of this work lies in the development of a recovery-based stress assessment approach that evaluates coupled electrical and thermal responses under realistic driving conditions. The analysis examines voltage and temperature deviations during dynamic load variations and assesses their recovery characteristics to distinguish between temporary and non recovering operational stress. Experimental voltage, current, and temperature data are obtained from a PEM fuel cell system operating under a Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure driving cycle. MATLAB based signal processing techniques analyze the dataset. Dynamic stress events are identified from simultaneous voltage and temperature deviations during load transients. Events that show rapid voltage and temperature recovery represent temporary operating stress, whereas events with delayed or incomplete recovery indicate non recovering operational stress. An operating stress index quantifies critical stress periods within the driving cycle. Results indicate that most dynamic stress events recover effectively. However, rapid acceleration combined with delayed thermal response produces sustained voltage deviation and incomplete temperature stabilization. Recovery behavior therefore serves as a reliable indicator for distinguishing reversible disturbances from persistent operational stress and supports durability assessment of PEM fuel cells in hydrogen powered transportation applications.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Lin, Gwendolyn Claire; P, Rachchelle; P, karthikeyan; Jain, I. P. & Lal, Chhagan (2026). AI-Enabled Green Hydrogen Strategies for Energy Transition and Climate Goals. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Global decarbonization efforts need transformative clean energy solutions. Green hydrogen is recognized as a critical pathway for achieving climate neutrality, especially in hard-to-electrify sectors. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers remarkable potential to overcome the cost and efficiency barriers that currently constrain hydrogen's role in contributing to climate change. However, a significant gap exists between what AI can theoretically do and what it actually does in green hydrogen systems today. This gap limits policy-driven transitions toward carbon neutrality. Through a comprehensive review of AI techniques applied to green hydrogen production, this study proposes an integrated three-layer AI-driven digital twin framework that systematically addresses fragmentation in current approaches. The framework comprises of three layers such as, Layer 1 of multi-source data integration, Layer 2 of hybrid AI processing), and Layer 3 of explainable AI-driven outputs for human decision support and automated control. Component-level validation demonstrates that machine learning algorithms improve energy efficiency by up to 20%, while AI-driven predictive maintenance reduces maintenance costs by 50% and extends equipment lifespan by 25%. The proposed framework addresses critical challenges including data quality, model interpretability, and regulatory compliance through systematic implementation strategies. By integrating multiple AI techniques with physics-based constraints and explainability mechanisms, the framework provides a practical roadmap for researchers, engineers, and policymakers to accelerate cost-competitive green hydrogen deployment. The study calls for further validation in diverse industrial control applications to establish broader deployment guidelines.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Nordby, Reidar Johannes; Halvorsen, Thor-Erik & Aarø, Aksel Gluppe (2026). Development of a Differential Drive Ultrasonic Navigation System with Integrated Wireless Beacon for Autonomous Mobile Robotics. doi: 10.1109/ICCECE69715.2026.11493066. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper investigates ultrasonic sensor technologies for autonomous navigation systems. It explores differential amplifier configurations, wireless beacon networks, and real-time signal processing techniques to enable accurate obstacle detection and person-following capabilities. A novel differential drive approach was implemented to enhance ultrasonic transmission power, while MEMS microphone technology provided cost-effective reception compared to traditional piezoelectric solutions. Wireless beacon positioning was integrated using ESP32 microcontrollers and XBee communication protocols to enable distributed sensing networks. Experimental validation demonstrated effective range performance with direct transmission reaching 9 meters and obstacle detection at 2 meters using Time of Flight calculations. Environment mapping algorithms achieved 0.5-meter spatial resolution for navigation applications. The research contributes fundamental design principles for ultrasonic navigation systems, demonstrating feasibility while identifying critical integration constraints. Results provide valuable insights for developing practical autonomous navigation solutions in robotics, smart mobility, and assistive technology applications.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Tsekouras, George & Gopalakrishnan, Sundar (2026). Machine Learning Applications in Intelligent Hydrogen Storage Systems for Enhanced Storage Efficiency and Safety. doi: 10.1109/IDCIoT67589.2026.11455894. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper presents comprehensive artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) applications to address critical challenges in hydrogen storage systems for clean energy transition. Traditional hydrogen storage faces limitations in efficiency, safety, and operational optimization. This research demonstrates how advanced AI algorithms transform storage system design and operation through intelligent composite tank optimization, material discovery via ML models, and real-time monitoring using artificial neural networks. Machine learning-based predictive maintenance enables proactive fault detection, while intelligent safety protocols utilize pattern recognition for autonomous threat assessment. Case studies across different economies showcase deep learning applications in learning for dynamic optimization. Results demonstrate ML-enhanced storage systems achieve superior performance in efficiency metrics, safety parameters, and adaptive response capabilities. These AI applications represent a paradigm shift toward intelligent hydrogen storage infrastructure, establishing ML-driven solutions as essential for large-scale hydrogen economy implementation and sustainable energy transition.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2026). AI-Driven Optimization of Sustainable Hydrogen Transportation Systems in the Global Energy Transition. doi: 10.1109/IDCIoT67589.2026.11455742. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study examines the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in optimizing sustainable hydrogen transportation systems during the global energy transition. AI technologies demonstrate significant potential for enhancing operational efficiency and safety across various hydrogen delivery modes through advanced applications including machine learning (ML)-based route optimization, predictive maintenance algorithms, and real-time monitoring systems. Regional analysis across Europe, Asia Pacific, and the United States reveals diverse approaches to infrastructure development and regulatory frameworks adapted to local energy policies and market conditions. While AI implementation has successfully improved operational efficiency and risk management capabilities, significant challenges persist in infrastructure standardization and cross-network technology integration. This paper highlights critical technical barriers and policy implications influencing the scalability of AI-enhanced hydrogen transportation systems. These insights contribute to the growing knowledge base essential for developing robust, and sustainable hydrogen transport infrastructure while supporting the global clean energy transition. The research underscores the necessity of coordinated technological and policy approaches.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Implementing CDIO in Practice: Lessons from European Universities and Real-World Engineering Education. doi: https:/www.hiof.no/iio/english/about/news-events/news/2026/from-india-and-taiwan-to-fredrikstad-international.html. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This presentation shares practical insights of observing CDIO implementation across leading European universities, including Chalmers, TU Delft, and institutions in the UK, Ireland, and Finland. Using Chalmers' Mechanical Engineering program as a primary example, we examine progressive design-build projects, integrated learning experiences, and challenge-based learning approaches. Key lessons reveal that smaller credit courses (2.5 ECTS) create administrative burdens, while disciplinary-focused programs outperform multidisciplinary approaches based on student feedback. Assessment methods vary significantly, with formative assessment proving most effective. The presentation emphasizes critical success factors: student workspaces, active learning, mandatory industry collaborations, faculty training, and stakeholder engagement. These real-world experiences provide actionable recommendations for institutions implementing CDIO standards.

• Karthi, Vijay; P, karthikeyan; V, Magesh Kannan; P, Rachchelle & Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Open-Source AI Framework for Simplified PEM Fuel Cell Modelling. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are an important technology for clean energy production, yet their mathematical modelling is often difficult because many existing tools depend on commercial software or detailed experimental data. This article presents a simple, transparent, and fully open-source framework for understanding and predicting PEMFC behaviour using only mathematical equations. The model is based on a one-dimensional representation of the fuel cell and relies on fundamental relations from thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and transport theory. Key voltage-loss mechanisms—activation, ohmic, and concentration effects—are expressed through well-known equations such as the Nernst relation, Butler–Volmer kinetics, and basic diffusion laws. Together, these equations form a compact physics-based formulation that can be solved quickly and without special software. To improve the accuracy of the simplified model without increasing complexity, the work also introduces a hybrid physics–AI concept. In this approach, artificial intelligence is treated as a mathematical correction term that adjusts the output of the basic equations. Instead of replacing physics, the AI component adds small adjustments that account for behaviours not captured in the simplified expressions. The final hybrid model preserves physical meaning while offering better prediction capability and fast computation. The proposed framework is useful for researchers, educators, and students who want a clear and accessible way to study PEMFC performance. Because the entire approach is equation-driven and open source, it supports easy adoption, reproducibility, and further extension. This work shows that a combination of simple physics and lightweight AI can create a practical and efficient modelling tool for fuel cell analysis.

• Palaniswamy, karthikeyan; Kannan, V M; P, Rachchelle; M, Kesava & Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Hydrogen embrittlement in internal combustion engine components: Material challenges and selection strategies. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Hydrogen-enriched dual-fuel combustion offers a potential pathway for cleaner and more efficient internal combustion engine operation, but hydrogen exposure introduces durability challenges related to embrittlement and accelerated material degradation. This study investigates the influence of hydrogen enrichment on both engine performance and component integrity using a single-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine operated at 25-100% load conditions. Hydrogen was supplied through intake manifold injection at flow rates of 3-12 L/min, corresponding to 5–20% energy substitution. Performance testing showed that hydrogen enrichment improved brake thermal efficiency by up to 6.5% at 9 L/min, while CO and HC emissions decreased by 18–42% due to cleaner combustion. A corresponding 12–28% increase in NOx was observed, attributed to higher in-cylinder temperatures associated with hydrogen’s high flame speed. Following 30 hours of dual-fuel operation, engine components including valves, valve seats, and injector-tips were examined for hydrogen-induced degradation. Material characterization revealed clear signs of damage: microcracks measuring 8–15 µm, pitting depths of 5–12 µm, surface hardness reductions of 6–11%, discoloration in regions exceeding 350°C, and an increase in surface roughness from 0.42 to 0.67 µm. These effects intensified with higher hydrogen flow rates and sustained thermal-mechanical cycling, confirming hydrogen’s tendency to weaken conventional diesel engine materials. The study recommends hydrogen-compatible nickel-based alloys, ceramic thermal-barrier coatings, and improved cooling strategies to reduce susceptibility to embrittlement. Overall, the results provide evidence of material degradation in hydrogen-assisted engines and highlight engineering pathways to enhance durability and enable reliable hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel operation.

• palaniswamy, karthikeyan; P, Rachchelle; K, Kesava, Jegathish J; Kannan, V M & Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Characterization and Performance Analysis of a PEM Fuel Cell under Dynamic Load Conditions. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Recent advancements in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology emphasize the need for efficient, durable, and responsive energy solutions in automotive applications. Existing literature highlights challenges related to dynamic load handling and transient response, which affect operational stability and long-term reliability. This study addresses ensuring robust performance when PEM fuel cell stacks encounter rapidly changing, real-world power demands. Methods involve comprehensive characterization through polarization (I–V) curve and efficiency evaluation at steady-state, considering start/stop cycle, durability testing, and steady-state constant load. This was followed by applying controlled transient load steps and dynamic drive cycle profiles. Stack voltage, current, and temperature were continuously recorded to monitor performance under load transitions. Results demonstrate how voltage stability, current distribution, hydrogen utilization, and thermal management are influenced by dynamic conditions, revealing key factors contributing to performance degradation. The peak power output improved by approximately 4.35%, rising from 1.15 kW to a new maximum of 1.20 kW. Under dynamic load steps, the stack exhibited rapid current responsiveness and minimal voltage fluctuation, confirming suitability for real-world automotive conditions. The results directly inform the development of robust energy management strategies and improved stack integration protocols, essential for unlocking the full potential of PEM fuel cells in advanced real-world automotive.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Artificial Intelligence Applications in Green Hydrogen Production Technologies. doi: 10.1109/EWDTS67441.2025.11303674. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper explores how artificial intelligence, and computational methods like ML can transform green hydrogen while overviewing green hydrogen production technologies. AI has already revolutionized manufacturing industries by turning complex data into useful insights. Now, it offers similar potential for hydrogen technology. This work shows various AI techniques used in green hydrogen production, including optimization strategies, predictive maintenance systems, and intelligent control systems. The review highlights AI-driven digital twins and hybrid architectures in electrolysis systems as particularly promising developments. Machine learning applications demonstrate significant improvements in production efficiency and cost reduction. This study emphasizes key challenges including data quality, standardization, and regulatory frameworks, while identifying future research directions in this fast-evolving field for cost-effective, and sustainable hydrogen production.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan & Norvang, Rebecca Dawn Smith (2025). Strengthening Digitalization and Green Energy Innovation: Norway-Asia Education and Research Partnership. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The "Strengthening Digitalization and Green Energy Innovation: Norway-Asia Education and Research Partnership" is an Erasmus+ KA171 project addressing critical needs for international collaboration in sustainable energy education. This strategic initiative facilitates student mobilities across Bachelor, Master, and doctoral levels, while engaging Norwegian companies in knowledge exchange activities. The project's centerpiece is the annual RESET event, combining academic expertise with industry perspectives to drive innovation in green technologies. By bridging Norwegian renewable energy excellence with Asian partners, this model creates lasting academia-industry collaborations, positioning Norway at the forefront of sustainable technology education while serving as a replicable framework for other higher education institutions seeking strategic international partnerships in emerging technical fields.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Keynote on research in emerging sustainable engineering technologies. doi: https:/www.hiof.no/iio/om/aktuelt/aktuelle-saker/2025/forskere-og-industri-fra-tre-kontinenter-samlet-i-.html. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This keynote explores cutting-edge research developments in sustainable engineering technologies, examining breakthrough innovations shaping the future of green energy systems. The presentation analyzes emerging trends in renewable energy research, digital transformation applications in sustainable engineering, and novel approaches to technology transfer from laboratory to industry implementation. Key focus areas include advanced materials for energy storage, smart grid technologies, and AI-driven optimization in renewable systems. The speech addresses current research challenges, identifies promising technological pathways, and discusses strategic frameworks for accelerating innovation in sustainable engineering. Drawing from international collaboration experiences, the keynote provides insights into effective research methodologies and cross-cultural knowledge exchange strategies that drive technological advancement in the green energy transition.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Green energy innovation through international collaboration: Norway-India Partnership. doi: https:/www.hiof.no/english/about/collaboration/educational-projects/green-energy-innovation-through-international-collaboration/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This strategic partnership between Østfold University College (HiØ) and PSG College of Technology, India, advances green energy innovation through comprehensive collaboration in hydrogen technologies and sustainable transportation. The initiative leverages complementary expertise in green hydrogen generation, fuel cell stacking, and energy storage systems through shared laboratory facilities and joint research activities. The program encompasses targeted student and staff mobility focusing on PEM materials analysis, electrolysis systems, and smart control technologies for green transport applications. Key deliverables include collaborative publications, hybrid educational modules, and specialized training workshops on hydrogen fuel systems. This multidisciplinary approach combines project-based learning with hands-on research experiences, fostering innovation in clean energy solutions while strengthening Norway-India academic partnerships in sustainable engineering technologies.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Empowering sustainable engineering through international collaboration: Norway-Taiwan Partnership. doi: https:/www.hiof.no/english/about/collaboration/educational-projects/empowering-sustainable-engineering/. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This strategic partnership between Østfold University College (HiØ) and National Chung Cheng University (CCU), Taiwan, transforms engineering education through innovative pedagogical collaboration. The initiative leverages CCU's advanced project-based engineering methodologies with HiØ's CDIO-based restructuring approach, creating enhanced learning frameworks across electrical, mechanical, and civil engineering disciplines. The partnership addresses Taiwan's evolving preference for European academic exchanges, demonstrating accessible pathways to quality engineering education. Core activities include curriculum enhancement through formative assessment integration, interdisciplinary course development, and comprehensive mobility programs for students and faculty. This collaboration establishes sustainable educational innovation networks, promoting cultural exchange while advancing engineering pedagogy through joint research projects, workshops, and knowledge transfer initiatives that prepare graduates for global technological challenges.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Exploring the Intersection of Generative AI and Emerging Network Technologies. doi: 10.1109/ICCMC65190.2025.11140988. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study explores the challenges and opportunities presented by integrating generative AI models into network systems. Model interpretability is highlighted as essential for building trust and ensuring responsible deployment. The computational demands of training and it necessitate advancements in hardware and software designs. While AI is rising, it is necessary to study and investigate Generative AI (GAI) applications in emerging network technologies such as automated network design, real-time optimization, enhanced security protocols. The paper aims to provide a complete overview of current advancements and future directions at the intersection of GAI and networking, contributing to the development of more robust, adaptable, and intelligent network infrastructures. It also emphasizes the relevant challenges and future directions to overcome the challenges and unlocking the transformative power of GAI for the next generation networking technology.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Role of AI and IoT in Green Hydrogen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This presentation is about investigating the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in optimizing green hydrogen production and utilization systems. AI algorithms enhance photo-catalytic hydrogen generation efficiency by predicting optimal solar irradiance conditions and biomass processing parameters. IoT sensors enable real-time monitoring of HT-PEMFC performance, temperature distribution, and system degradation patterns. Machine learning models analyze operational data to predict maintenance requirements and optimize fuel cell durability. Smart IoT networks facilitate remote monitoring of hydrogen production facilities and vehicle fuel systems, ensuring safety and performance optimization. The integration creates intelligent hydrogen ecosystems that maximize renewable energy utilization while minimizing operational costs, advancing sustainable transportation solutions through data-driven decision-making and autonomous system management.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Repowering the EU with Clean Hydrogen Solutions towards Green Energy Transition. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This presentation addresses the European Union's ambitious goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2050 through comprehensive clean hydrogen deployment strategies. The project focuses on scaling up electrolysis infrastructure, establishing hydrogen valleys across member states, and developing cross-border hydrogen transport networks. Key objectives include integrating renewable energy sources with large-scale hydrogen production facilities, creating regulatory frameworks for hydrogen market development, and fostering industrial partnerships for green steel, chemicals, and heavy transport applications. The initiative supports the REPowerEU plan by reducing fossil fuel dependency, enhancing energy security, and positioning Europe as a global leader in clean hydrogen technologies while creating sustainable economic opportunities and achieving decarbonization targets across multiple sectors.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Energizing Europe: Clean Hydrogen Pathways to a Green Future. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This presentation explores innovative clean hydrogen pathways driving Europe's sustainable energy transformation through advanced storage technologies and grid integration solutions. The initiative investigates hydrogen's role in seasonal energy storage, addressing renewable intermittency challenges while developing cost-effective distribution infrastructure. Key research areas include hydrogen transportation, underground geological storage systems, and certification mechanisms ensuring green hydrogen authenticity. It is important to emphasize circular economy principles by utilizing waste-to-hydrogen conversion processes and developing hydrogen-powered maritime and aviation sectors. Through stakeholder engagement programs, and economic impact assessments, we establish together Europe's competitive advantage in the global clean hydrogen economy while fostering innovation ecosystems.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Fueling Tomorrow: BioSolar Hydrogen Transforms Green Transport. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This presentation examines how biosolar hydrogen technology transforms sustainable transportation systems. It discusses innovative photo-catalytic processes that convert biomass into clean hydrogen using solar energy, eliminating fossil fuel dependency in hydrogen production. Key topics include modified internal combustion engine designs that optimize hydrogen combustion for light commercial vehicles, potentially reducing CO2 emissions from 294 to 151 grams per kilometer by 2028. The presentation covers HT-PEMFC system performance, durability testing, and temperature distribution management. Additionally, it explores India's National Hydrogen Mission objectives, infrastructure development challenges, and the transition pathway from conventional fuels to hydrogen-powered transportation solutions supporting sustainable mobility goals.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2025). Large scale Hydrogen power Projects in Scandinavia and Europe. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This workshop examines massive hydrogen power installations across Nordic and European regions, leveraging abundant renewable resources for utility-scale energy generation. The initiative focuses on gigawatt-scale hydrogen power plants integrated with offshore wind farms, utilizing Scandinavia's exceptional wind and hydroelectric capacity for hydrogen production and reconversion to electricity during peak demand periods. Key aspects include cold-climate optimization of electrolyzers, underground salt cavern storage facilities, and transnational power grid interconnections. It is important to investigate industrial heat applications in steel mills, cement production, and chemical refineries, while developing standardized safety protocols for large-scale hydrogen infrastructure. Regional collaboration models are required for economic viability and establish Europe's hydrogen power generation leadership globally.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Norvang, Rebecca Dawn Smith & Birkland, Marius (2024). Erasmus+ Exchange: Internationalizing Engineering Education and Enhancing Professional Development. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This presentation introduces the Erasmus+ exchange program for electrical, mechanical, and civil engineering students at our institute. Students can study abroad for one semester while earning degree credits, paying zero tuition fees, and receiving monthly scholarships of 470-530 Euros. The program offers opportunities across Europe, including Finland, Greece, Italy, Spain, Czech Republic, Turkey, and Switzerland, plus destinations outside the EU such as South Korea, Taiwan, India and the United States. Second-year engineering students are eligible to apply for the next Spring semester exchanges (January-July). Beyond academic excellence, participants develop cross-cultural competencies, build international networks, and gain competitive advantages for future careers. With pre-approved courses and continued Lånekassen support, this program combines personal growth with professional development in an international setting.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2024). Creating Dynamic Engineering Programs That Attract Students and Meet Industry Demands. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This presentation explores why engineering education needs the CDIO (Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate) framework and how it benefits institutions, students, and society. Similar to IEEE and ISO standards that serve specific standardization needs, CDIO standards provide a systematic approach to improving engineering programs globally. By adopting CDIO, institutions can attract more students, increase graduate employability, and generate sustainable revenue through programs that meet current industry and societal needs. The framework integrates scientific fundamentals with practical applications across the entire engineering lifecycle, developing five essential competency categories through 16 standards. With a global network of 180+ universities, CDIO offers proven tools for curriculum design, active learning implementation, faculty development, and comprehensive assessment—creating dynamic programs that prepare engineers for real-world challenges.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2024). Collegial Observation of Bachelor Thesis Supervision: Effective Mentorship in Engineering Education. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work presents a collegial observation of bachelor thesis supervision, involving three engineering students testing cable materials for offshore wind turbine energy transport. The half-hour session, observed remotely by Professor L. M from department of economics, demonstrated effective interdisciplinary observation through well-organized structure covering all research process aspects. Students presented project aims, testing methodologies, and results, engaging in professional dialogue with their supervisor. The supervision employed directional mentorship, combining strategic questioning, relevant academic knowledge provision, challenge-solving guidance, and constructive feedback. Communication was effective, though seating arrangements could improve eye contact dynamics. This observation exemplifies successful bachelor-level supervision characterized by active guidance, progress monitoring, clear instructions for methodological improvements, and supportive mentorship essential for student project completion and academic requirement fulfillment.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2024). Collegial Observation of Doctoral Supervision: Communication and Mentorship in Interdisciplinary Research. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work presents a collegial observation of doctoral supervision conducted in 2024, involving Associate Professor F. Andersen supervising PhD student J. P. V on a thesis exploring decades of public services through social media perspectives. The 75-minute session focused on philosophical concepts including empirical versus ideal frameworks, communism, and German idealism, with emphasis on Habermas' principles of rational dialogue. Observation revealed effective knowledge transfer through lecture-style explanations and whiteboard illustrations, with strong supervisor expertise and good eye contact. However, the supervisor-to-student speaking ratio (45:20-30 minutes) suggests opportunities for increased student engagement. Recommendations include soliciting more detailed student input on literature review progress, methodological approaches, and connections between philosophical frameworks and thesis objectives. The supervision demonstrated effective mentorship combining academic expertise with professional guidance for interdisciplinary doctoral research.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2024). Balancing Structure and Independence: A Philosophy of Doctoral Supervision. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work presents a personal philosophy of doctoral supervision emphasizing open communication, mutual trust, and student independence. The approach balances structured guidance with flexibility, encouraging critical thinking and initiative while maintaining proactive supervisor-student relationships. Key elements include establishing clear project expectations, setting micro and macro milestones, and organizing regular progress meetings with constructive feedback. The supervision methodology involves helping candidates engage critically with literature, refine methodologies, and navigate complex research questions through manageable modules. Beyond research guidance, the philosophy encompasses supporting professional network development, conference participation, peer collaboration, and career preparation for both academia and industry. The supervisor role is conceptualized as mentor, guide, and facilitator, empowering students to independently navigate doctoral challenges while providing structured support and continuous learning opportunities throughout their research journey.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2024). A comprehensive training on Green Hydrogen life cycle. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This comprehensive training program explores the complete life cycle of green hydrogen, from production to utilization. Participants gain in-depth knowledge of water electrolysis technologies, renewable energy integration, hydrogen storage and transportation methods, and safety protocols. The training covers environmental and economic assessments, infrastructure requirements, and emerging technologies in hydrogen life cycle. By examining the entire value chain, including production efficiency, distribution challenges, and utilization strategies, this lecture equips professionals with essential fundamentals for sustainable hydrogen. The training emphasizes practical case studies, and policy frameworks necessary for advancing the global green hydrogen economy and achieving decarbonization goals.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2024). Norwegian Education model with CDIO principles. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The integration of CDIO (Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate) principles into the Norwegian education model represents a transformative approach to engineering and technical education. This framework emphasizes hands-on learning, real-world problem-solving, and the development of both technical and professional skills. Few Norwegian institutions have adopted CDIO to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, fostering innovation and preparing students for industry demands. By combining Norway's student-centered pedagogical traditions with CDIO's systematic methodology, this model promotes active learning, interdisciplinary collaboration, and sustainable engineering practices, ultimately producing graduates equipped with comprehensive competencies for the modern workforce.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2024). BioSolar Hydrogen for Green Transport. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This discusses developing comprehensive hydrogen-powered transportation solutions by integrating biomass-derived green hydrogen production with advanced engine technologies. It encompasses spark ignition engine modifications, optimized compression ratios, and emission control strategies to maximize hydrogen combustion efficiency while minimizing NOx formation. A 250W high-temperature PEM fuel cell stack can serve as the demonstration platform, featuring enhanced CO tolerance and superior performance at elevated operating temperatures. The speech addresses critical challenges including fuel storage density, injection system optimization, and long-term durability through accelerated stress testing protocols. Performance diagnostics utilize impedance spectroscopy and individual cell monitoring to evaluate degradation patterns, establishing viable pathways for hydrogen-powered vehicle commercialization.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Patel, Ramesh & Palaniswamy, Karthikeyan (2024). Advanced Path Delay Fault Testing Strategies in High-Performance Digital Circuits. doi: 10.1109/EWDTS63723.2024.10873667. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The presence of delay faults and addressing them in high-speed digital circuits is an important and challenging task in industries. Delay faults affect the performance of the circuits. To detect such delay defects and assure the timing accuracy of the circuit delay testing plays a critical role. In this paper, a brief of delay testing techniques with emphasis on path delay fault testing is reviewed. A review presented in this paper highlights significant delay test methodologies with the assumption of its greater impact in the future than it has now. We also used the path delay fault testing to detect the infected integrated circuits with improved fault coverage.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2023). Communication network and complex data management: Hardware search engine-based approach. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work presents a hardware search engine-based approach to address the challenges of communication networks and complex data management. Traditional solutions struggle with the increasing volume of network data and creating bottlenecks in real-time processing. By implementing dedicated hardware search engines, this approach achieves significant improvements in data retrieval speed, network traffic analysis, and information management efficiency. The hardware-accelerated architecture enables rapid pattern matching, content filtering, and data indexing across distributed networks. This solution is particularly valuable for applications requiring high-throughput data processing, including network security, big data analytics, and real-time monitoring systems. It offers scalable and energy-efficient alternatives to conventional approaches.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2023). From IoT to AI: The Pivotal Role of Electronics in Emerging Technologies. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This lecture explores the fundamental role of electronics in shaping emerging technologies, from the Internet of Things (IoT) to Artificial Intelligence (AI). Participants can discover how modern electronic systems enable data acquisition, processing, and communication in smart devices, autonomous systems, and intelligent networks. The session examines the convergence of sensor network, AI and machine learning in real-time analytics. Through practical examples across industrial sectors, attendees can gain insights into how electronics innovation drives technological transformation and shapes our digital future while bridging the gap between traditional electronics and cutting-edge AI applications.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Rieck, Angela & ida (2022). Collaborative Peer Supervision: A Theoretical Framework and Group Reflections. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This report presents a peer-based collegial supervision project conducted among three faculty members from different disciplines at Høgskolen i Østfold during winter and spring 2022. The project utilized structured supervision cycles where participants alternated roles as guidance-seeker, supervisor, and observer. Through pre-supervision planning, classroom observations, and post-supervision discussions, the group explored strategies to enhance student engagement and implement more interactive teaching methods. Despite working in diverse educational fields—pedagogy, electronics engineering, and bioengineering, the participants discovered that cross-disciplinary feedback provided valuable perspectives for improving lectures, classroom interactions, and student participation. The supervision process incorporated elements of the PALLET model and emphasized open dialogue, mutual respect, and professional development. Participants gained practical insights into implementing digital tools such as Mentimeter, Kahoot, breakout rooms, and student-centered activities, ultimately demonstrating that collegial supervision across disciplines effectively promotes pedagogical innovation and teaching quality improvement in higher education.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2022). Balance between teachers and students rights: how important it is in teaching and learning processes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work explores the critical balance between teachers and students rights within teaching and learning processes. Educational environments require careful consideration of both parties' rights, responsibilities, and autonomy to foster effective learning outcomes. The study examines how respecting teachers' professional authority and academic freedom, while simultaneously protecting students' rights to fair treatment, expression, and quality education, creates a productive educational atmosphere. Through analysis of practical scenarios and ethical considerations, this research highlights the importance of establishing clear boundaries, mutual respect, and collaborative relationships. Achieving equilibrium between these rights is essential for creating inclusive, respectful learning environments that promote academic excellence and personal development.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan & Birkeland, Marius (2022). Ambitious online teaching and distance learning: How practical it is in the teaching and learning process at higher education level. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study examines the practicality and effectiveness of ambitious online teaching and distance learning initiatives at the higher education level. As institutions increasingly adopt digital pedagogies, questions arise regarding the feasibility of delivering quality education remotely while maintaining academic rigor and student engagement. This work analyzes the challenges and opportunities inherent in online teaching, including technological infrastructure, pedagogical adaptation, student interaction, and assessment methods. Through evaluation of practical implementation experiences, the research explores how ambitious distance learning goals align with actual teaching and learning outcomes. The findings provide critical insights into the realistic potential and limitations of online education, offering recommendations for sustainable and effective digital learning strategies in higher education institutions.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2022). Digital Teaching During the Pandemic: Experiences with Activity Tools in Zoom. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work examines experiences with digital activity tools in Zoom during the pandemic-driven transition to online teaching. As COVID-19 restrictions necessitated remote instruction, educators rapidly adapted to digital platforms to maintain student engagement and active learning. The study explores various interactive features and third-party activity tools integrated within Zoom to facilitate collaborative learning, real-time participation, and student interaction. Through practical implementation examples, this work highlights both successes and challenges encountered when using these digital tools from a teacher's perspective. The findings provide valuable insights into effective strategies for managing learning resources, fostering student engagement, and creating meaningful educational experiences in virtual classrooms, with implications for future hybrid and online teaching models.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2021). LoRaWAN & IoT - Learn to create “Smart” things. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This lecture presented the fundamentals of Internet of Things (IoT) networks and their practical implementation ideas for students projects. It helped students to examine IoT network architecture and operational mechanisms. The content covers essential IoT system management, LoRa technology fundamentals, and LoRa network configuration. Additionally, it showed on analyzing various methods for connecting LoRa networks to IoT servers, comparing their respective advantages and disadvantages. By connecting devices intelligently through the internet, this lecture helped students with comprehensive knowledge to deploy efficient IoT solutions using LoRa technology with the help of dragon’s development kit.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2021). Teaching technologies: From a keen learner, and observer to a smart instructor and supervisor. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This reflection explores a teaching philosophy developed through 25 years of learning and 12 years of teaching experience across diverse international educational contexts. The author advocates for a student-centered approach emphasizing clarity in instruction, active learning, and practical application. Drawing from experiences in India, Taiwan, Norway, and the USA, the philosophy integrates personal observations with pedagogical theories including feedback models and critical pedagogy. Key elements include establishing clear learning goals, fostering two-way communication, connecting theoretical concepts to real-world applications, and balancing traditional lectures with laboratory experiments. The COVID-19 pandemic prompted adaptation to digital teaching platforms while maintaining engagement through interactive methods. The author views teaching as a lifelong learning process requiring continuous improvement, emphasizing that effective education results from collective efforts among institutions, teachers, and students to inspire curiosity and professional development.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2021). Developing Quality Educational Video Content. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work explores the principles and practices for developing quality educational video content in modern learning environments. As digital learning continues to expand, effective video production has become essential for engaging students and enhancing knowledge retention. The study examines key elements including content structure, visual design, audio quality, pacing, and pedagogical alignment that contribute to successful educational videos. Technical considerations such as recording equipment, editing software, and platform optimization are discussed alongside instructional design principles. Best practices for scripting, presenting, and incorporating interactive elements are analyzed to maximize student engagement and learning outcomes. The findings provide practical guidelines for educators seeking to create professional, accessible, and pedagogically sound video content that supports diverse learning styles and improves educational delivery.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Jan & Roger (2020). Customer-Driven Enhancement of Pipe Draw Software: Maintenance and Upgrade Strategy. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work examines a customer-driven approach to enhancing pipe draw software through strategic maintenance and upgrade practices. As industrial piping design requirements evolve, software systems must adapt to meet changing user needs and technological advancements. The study explores methodologies for gathering customer feedback, prioritizing enhancement requests, and implementing systematic upgrades while maintaining software stability and reliability. Key considerations include feature development based on user requirements, bug fixes, performance optimization, and compatibility updates. The maintenance strategy balances immediate customer needs with long-term software sustainability, ensuring continuous improvement and user satisfaction. This approach demonstrates how customer-centric development processes can drive software evolution, improve functionality, and maintain competitive advantage in specialized engineering software markets.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan & Jan (2020). Software License Management - Master system for handling multiple products with automation. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work presents a master system for automated software license management across multiple products. As organizations increasingly rely on diverse software portfolios, efficient license tracking, allocation, and compliance become critical challenges. The proposed system provides centralized control for managing licenses across various software products through automated workflows, reducing manual intervention and administrative overhead. Key features include real-time license monitoring, automated renewal processes, compliance tracking, and usage analytics. The master system architecture enables seamless integration with multiple software vendors and platforms while ensuring license optimization and cost efficiency. This solution addresses common challenges such as license expiration, over-licensing, under-licensing, and audit preparation, ultimately streamlining software asset management and improving organizational compliance.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Jan; Kristian & Erlend (2019). Healthcare Radar System: Analysis, Specification Development, and Testing. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work presents the development of a healthcare radar system through comprehensive analysis, specification development, and rigorous testing procedures. Healthcare radar technology enables non-contact monitoring of vital signs including respiration rate, heart rate, and patient movement, offering significant advantages in clinical and home care settings. The study details system requirements analysis, functional specification, and validation methodologies to ensure accuracy and reliability. Through systematic testing protocols, the system's performance is evaluated under various scenarios and environmental conditions. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of radar-based healthcare monitoring as a non-invasive, continuous patient monitoring solution with applications in hospitals, elderly care, and remote health monitoring.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan & Lam, K.W. (2018). Design and Development of Rack and Pipeline System with Self-Circulating Water Control for Indoor Hydroponic Cultivation. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work presents the design and development of an integrated rack and pipeline system with self-circulating water control for indoor hydroponic cultivation. Efficient nutrient delivery and water management are fundamental to successful hydroponic operations. The system features a modular rack structure supporting multiple growing levels, interconnected pipelines for nutrient solution distribution, and automated circulation control mechanisms. Key components include water pumps, flow sensors, pH and nutrient monitoring systems, and programmable controllers ensuring optimal solution circulation and plant nutrition. The self-regulating design minimizes water waste, maintains consistent nutrient levels, and reduces manual maintenance requirements. Implementation results demonstrate improved resource efficiency, scalability, and crop yield consistency. This integrated solution addresses space optimization and automation needs in commercial and urban hydroponic farming applications.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan & Lam, K.W. (2018). Adaptive Indoor Cultivation System: Design and Implementation of Automatic Height Adjustment Mechanism. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work presents the design and implementation of an adaptive indoor cultivation system featuring an automatic height adjustment mechanism. As plants grow at varying rates, maintaining optimal distance between light sources and plant canopy is critical for maximizing photosynthesis efficiency and growth quality. The system employs sensors and automated actuators to dynamically adjust lighting height based on real-time plant growth measurements. Key components include distance sensing technology, motorized lifting mechanisms, microcontroller-based control systems, and user interface for monitoring and manual override. The implementation addresses challenges in precision positioning, load management, and energy efficiency. Testing demonstrates improved plant growth uniformity and reduced manual intervention. This automated solution enhances indoor farming productivity and scalability for commercial and residential applications.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2017). Urban Farming using Sustainable Lighting Technology. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This project explores sustainable lighting technologies for urban farming applications, addressing the growing need for energy-efficient indoor agriculture solutions. As urban populations increase and land decreases, controlled environment agriculture requires optimized lighting systems that balance plant growth requirements with energy consumption. The discussion covers LED technology advancements, spectrum optimization for different crops, energy management strategies, and integration with renewable energy sources. By examining practical implementations of sustainable lighting in vertical farms and greenhouse operations, this work demonstrates how innovative lighting solutions can enhance crop yields while reducing environmental impact. The insights support the development of economically viable and environmentally responsible urban farming systems for future food security.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2017). Sustainable Technology in STEM Education: Strategies for Student Engagement and Comprehension. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This presentation explores how the STEM Education promotes sustainable technology education through accessible and student-friendly approaches. It utilizes advanced Maker Space facilities, including 3D printers, CNC machines, and laser cutters and provide hands-on learning experiences that simplify complex sustainable technology concepts for primary and secondary students. Through simple indoor farming, and project-based learning, students engage with engineering, physics, chemistry and botany in practical, understandable ways. The project focused on delivering sustainable technology content effectively across students from different levels. By combining innovative engineering with pedagogical strategies emphasizes creativity and problem-solving. The initiative makes sustainable technology education comprehensible and engaging, preparing students to become environmentally conscious innovators.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2017). Analog Circuit Design: Principles, Analysis, and Real-World Applications. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Analog circuit design encompasses the principles and techniques for creating circuits that process continuous signals, forming the essential interface between the physical world and digital systems. This lecure covers fundamental building blocks including amplifiers, filters, oscillators, and voltage regulators, along with analysis methods for understanding circuit behavior under various operating conditions. Designers must balance performance parameters such as gain, bandwidth, noise, power consumption, and linearity while considering real-world non-idealities. Analog circuits remain indispensable in modern electronics, enabling applications in audio systems, sensor interfaces, power management, communications, and mixed-signal systems. Mastering analog design principles is crucial for developing robust, high-performance electronic solutions.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2017). Stealthy Hardware Backdoors: A Critical Threat to Modern Data Security. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work examines stealthy hardware backdoors as a critical threat to modern data security infrastructure. Unlike software vulnerabilities, hardware backdoors are embedded during chip design or manufacturing processes, making them extremely difficult to detect and virtually impossible to remove. The study analyzes insertion methods, activation mechanisms, and potential exploitation scenarios of hardware-level backdoors in processors, memory modules, and communication chips. Key concerns include supply chain vulnerabilities, third-party intellectual property risks, and nation-state threats. Detection challenges are explored through existing verification methods and their limitations. The research highlights the urgent need for enhanced hardware security validation, trusted manufacturing processes, and comprehensive supply chain oversight. Understanding these threats is essential for developing robust countermeasures and securing critical infrastructure against sophisticated hardware-level attacks.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2017). Comparative Analysis and Performance Testing of Different Hydroponic Systems. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work presents a comparative analysis and performance testing of different hydroponic systems to evaluate their effectiveness in indoor cultivation. Various hydroponic methods including nutrient film technique (NFT), deep water culture (DWC), and drip systems are systematically compared based on key performance indicators. Testing parameters include plant growth rate, nutrient uptake efficiency, water consumption, system maintenance requirements, initial investment costs, and crop yield quality. The study examines advantages and limitations of each system under controlled environmental conditions with identical plant species and growth periods. Results provide practical insights into system selection based on specific cultivation goals, space constraints, and resource availability. This comparative evaluation assists growers in making informed decisions for optimizing hydroponic production efficiency.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2016). Electromagnetic Field Theory: Fundamentals and Applications. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Electromagnetic field theory forms the cornerstone of electrical engineering, providing fundamental understanding of how electric and magnetic fields interact and propagate through space and materials. This guest lecture explores Maxwell's equations, wave propagation, transmission lines, and antenna theory, bridging theoretical concepts with practical applications. The principles govern diverse technologies including wireless communications, radar systems, electromagnetic compatibility, power transmission, and medical imaging. Understanding electromagnetic phenomena is essential for designing modern electronic systems, optimizing signal integrity, and solving complex engineering challenges. This lecture equips students and professionals with analytical tools and physical insights necessary for innovation in telecommunications, power systems, and emerging technologies in the electromagnetic spectrum.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Ba, Papa-sidy; Dupuis, Sophie; Flottes, Marie-Lise; Natale, Giorgio Di & Rouzeyre, Bruno (2016). Duplication-based Concurrent Detection of HTs in Integrated Circuits. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work presents a duplication-based approach for concurrent detection of hardware Trojans (HTs) in integrated circuits. Hardware Trojans pose significant security risks by introducing malicious functionality into chips during design or fabrication. The proposed method employs circuit duplication and real-time comparison techniques to identify anomalous behavior indicative of Trojan activation. By implementing redundant circuit modules and continuously monitoring output discrepancies, the system can detect both combinational and sequential Trojans during normal operation. Key advantages include runtime detection capability, minimal performance overhead, and effectiveness against stealthy Trojans with rare trigger conditions. The approach addresses limitations of traditional pre-deployment testing methods that may miss dormant Trojans. Experimental results demonstrate detection accuracy and feasibility for securing critical integrated circuits against hardware-level threats.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2015). Implementing Hardware Security: Design Techniques and Countermeasures for Secure ICs. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Implementing hardware security in integrated circuits requires comprehensive design techniques and countermeasures to protect against evolving threats throughout the IC lifecycle. This encompasses cryptographic accelerators, tamper-resistant architectures, side-channel attack mitigation, and secure key storage mechanisms embedded directly into silicon. Designers employ strategies including obfuscation, watermarking, and runtime monitoring to detect malicious modifications and unauthorized access. Effective hardware security implementation balances protection levels with performance, power consumption, and cost constraints. As cyber-physical systems proliferate across automotive, IoT, and critical infrastructure domains, robust hardware security measures are essential for establishing root-of-trust and ensuring device authenticity, confidentiality, and integrity against sophisticated adversaries.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2015). Securing the Silicon: The Critical Importance of Hardware Security in IC Design. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Hardware security in integrated circuit (IC) design has emerged as a fundamental concern in modern electronics, addressing vulnerabilities at the silicon level that software solutions cannot mitigate. As semiconductor supply chains become increasingly globalized and complex, ICs face threats including counterfeiting, reverse engineering, hardware trojans, and side-channel attacks. Implementing security measures during the design phase, such as physical unclonable functions, secure boot mechanisms, and encryption engines, it is essential for protecting sensitive data and ensuring system integrity. Hardware security forms the foundation of trustworthy computing systems, from consumer devices to critical infrastructure, making it indispensable for safeguarding digital assets in an interconnected world.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan; Ba, Papa-sidy; Dupuis, Sophie; Flottes, Marie-Lise; Natale, Giorgio Di & Rouzeyre, Bruno (2015). Run-time dual modular HT detection in integrated circuits. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work presents a run-time dual modular approach for hardware Trojan (HT) detection in integrated circuits. The method implements two identical functional modules operating in parallel, with continuous output comparison to identify malicious alterations during normal circuit operation. Unlike pre-deployment testing, this run-time detection strategy identifies Trojans activated by rare trigger conditions or specific operational scenarios. The dual modular architecture provides real-time monitoring capabilities while maintaining system functionality, enabling immediate threat response. Key considerations include area overhead, power consumption, synchronization requirements, and fault tolerance mechanisms. The approach effectively detects both combinational and sequential hardware Trojans without requiring golden reference models. Experimental validation demonstrates high detection accuracy with acceptable performance penalties, offering practical security enhancement for mission-critical integrated circuits.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2014). Continuous Care Through Technology: Secured and Connected Patient Monitoring Systems. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Continuous patient monitoring through connected technology has revolutionized healthcare delivery by enabling real-time tracking of vital signs and health parameters beyond traditional clinical settings. These systems integrate advanced sensors, wireless communication, and secure data transmission protocols to provide healthcare professionals with continuous access to patient information. Security and privacy protection are paramount, requiring robust encryption and authentication mechanisms to safeguard sensitive medical data. Modern monitoring systems facilitate early detection of health deterioration, reduce hospital readmissions, and empower patients through remote care capabilities. This technological advancement supports proactive healthcare management while maintaining the critical balance between accessibility and data security.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2014). Biomedical Electronics: Principles, Devices, and Applications in Modern Healthcare. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Biomedical electronics represents a critical intersection of engineering and healthcare, encompassing the design, development, and application of electronic devices for medical diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. This field integrates principles of circuit design, signal processing, and sensor technology to create innovative solutions such as pacemakers, imaging systems, wearable health monitors, and diagnostic equipment. Modern healthcare increasingly relies on these sophisticated electronic systems to improve patient outcomes, enable personalized medicine, and facilitate remote healthcare delivery. Understanding biomedical electronics is essential for advancing medical technology and addressing contemporary healthcare challenges through intelligent, miniaturized, and connected medical devices.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2014). Significance of Hardware Security in Industrial projects. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work examines the critical significance of hardware security in industrial projects where system integrity and reliability are paramount. Industrial systems including manufacturing automation, power grids, transportation infrastructure, and process control rely heavily on embedded hardware components vulnerable to malicious attacks, counterfeiting, and unauthorized modifications. Hardware-level threats can compromise operational safety, intellectual property, production quality, and critical infrastructure functionality. The study explores security challenges unique to industrial environments including long product lifecycles, supply chain vulnerabilities, legacy system integration, and real-time operational requirements. Key considerations include threat assessment, secure design practices, supply chain verification, and incident response strategies. Understanding hardware security implications is essential for protecting industrial assets, ensuring operational continuity, and maintaining competitive advantage in increasingly connected industrial ecosystems.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2014). A Layout level approach for hardware threat detection in integrated circuits. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work presents a layout-level approach for detecting hardware threats in integrated circuits during the physical design phase. Unlike logic-level detection methods, layout analysis examines geometric patterns, routing structures, and physical characteristics to identify malicious insertions or modifications. The approach analyzes layout features including unusual cell placements, anomalous routing paths, suspicious metal layer patterns, and deviations from standard design rules. By leveraging machine learning algorithms and pattern recognition techniques, the method identifies potential hardware Trojans, backdoors, and counterfeit components embedded at the layout stage. Key advantages include detection of threats invisible at higher abstraction levels and applicability to third-party intellectual property blocks. This layout-centric strategy enhances hardware security verification by addressing vulnerabilities introduced during physical implementation phases.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2013). High-Performance Parallel Search Memory: Advanced Architectures for Networking Applications. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This lecture presents comprehensive solutions for designing low-power Content Addressable Memory (CAM) systems while maintaining high performance and compact circuit size. It explores advanced architectures including single-bit-line structures, binary and ternary CAM cells integrated with advanced wordline techniques, and matchline/searchline optimization methods. Through detailed simulation analysis, the work demonstrates practical approaches to reducing power consumption without compromising speed or increasing transistor count in high-speed networking applications. Bridging theoretical principles with real-world applications, it provides essential fundamentals and guidance on power-performance-area trade-offs from design and test engineering perspective.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2012). Satellite voter and arbiter design with FPGA Verification”, Design of Integrated circuits. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work presents the design and FPGA verification of a satellite voter and arbiter system for fault-tolerant integrated circuits. Triple modular redundancy (TMR) and voting mechanisms are essential for ensuring reliability in space applications where radiation-induced errors threaten system integrity. The design implements majority voting logic to detect and correct single-point failures across redundant computational modules, while the arbiter resolves conflicts and manages resource allocation. FPGA-based prototyping validates the voter-arbiter architecture under various fault injection scenarios, demonstrating error detection and correction capabilities. Key performance metrics include fault coverage, latency overhead, and resource utilization. The verified design provides robust fault tolerance suitable for satellite systems and other mission-critical applications requiring high reliability in harsh environments.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2011). Efficient RSA Encryption and Decryption Using Montgomery Modular Multiplication. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This work investigates the application of Montgomery modular multiplication algorithm to enhance the efficiency of RSA encryption and decryption operations. RSA cryptography relies heavily on modular exponentiation, which is computationally intensive and time-consuming. The Montgomery algorithm significantly reduces computational complexity by transforming modular arithmetic into simpler operations, thereby accelerating cryptographic processes. This work presents an optimized implementation of Montgomery modular multiplication for RSA, analyzing its performance in terms of execution time, memory usage, and computational overhead. Experimental results demonstrate substantial improvements in encryption and decryption speed compared to conventional methods, making it suitable for resource-constrained and high-performance cryptographic applications.

• Palanichamy, Manikandan (2013). Path Delay Fault Test and BIST. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet. ISSN 9788247144503. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The advanced semiconductor manufacturing processes, integrated chip design methodology and high level integrated circuit (IC) packaging are constantly giving challenges to the test industry and demands an efficient circuit test techniques. Even though, several existing techniques and algorithms have been used to test circuits, still test industries are in need to develop new techniques which can test logic, memory and analog circuits of the chip. Indeed, it is beneficial to find modified and improved algorithms to test the on-chip circuitries which can significantly reduce the test time, and to achieve fair fault coverage. This work considered test techniques which are based on Built-In-Self-Test (BIST) method and path delay fault (PDF) testing. However, the testing strategy depends on the type of the circuit (combinational circuits, sequential circuits, memory circuits). Therefore, in first part of this research, we focused on path delay fault testing of combinational circuits as well as content addressable memory (CAM). We introduced an enhanced path delay fault simulator for combinational circuits using modified path selection and simulation algorithms with 20% speed-up factor. We also proposed a test method to detect critical path delay faults in CAM systems using a newly proposed low power ternary CAM (TCAM) cell structure with low time complexity complement bit walk (CBW) algorithms. In the second part, we also addressed the issue of adapting BIST techniques in combinational circuits (ex: Arithmetic BIST), and memory circuits (ex: Static RAM BIST, and CAM BIST). The proposed approach contributes in building an efficient and flexible CAM system with an emphasis on its maximum critical search speed measurement under worst case operation. The experimental results show that the presented BIST methodology is effective and provides improved search delay measurement such as 1.72ns. In addition, our SIC based test generator with Arithmetic BIST (ABIST) is quite useful for detecting the K-longest path-delay faults of the microprocessor. We also presented a programmable built-in self-test (PBIST) methodology for embedded SRAMs. This BIST logic adapts the test controller with micro code encoding technique in order to control test operation sequences. The experimental results show that this PBIST gives 17-47% improved area overhead and 16-41% enhanced speed.

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