Arnstein Hjelde

• Hjelde, Arnstein (2025). Norwegian emigration and language. In Kinn, Kari & Putnam, Michael T. (Ed.), A reference guide to the syntax of North American Norwegian. Language Science Press. ISSN 9783961105083. p. 31–73. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.15274559. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Bjørke, Camilla (2025). Writing skills among Norwegian Americans – what may their letters reveal? Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies (BeLLS). 15(1), p. 36–46. doi: 10.15845/bells.v15i1.4551. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Vol. 15 No. 1 (2025): Selected Proceedings of the 14th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas (WILA 14)

• Kinn, Kari; Hjelde, Arnstein & Stokka, Marie Lund (2024). The Norwegian language in Argentina: A first look at heritage Norwegian in a new context. Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies (BeLLS). 14(1), p. 49–58. doi: 10.15845/bells.v14i1.4339. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper presents preliminary observations of Norwegian as a heritage language (HL) in a contact situation that has largely gone unnoticed up until now: Argentina, where Spanish is the main contact language. We discuss some lexical, morphological, and syntactic properties of Argentine Norwegian, with Norwegian as a HL in North America as a comparative backdrop, and we point out directions for future research.

• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2023). Linguistic Repertoires: Modeling Variation in Input and Production: A case study on American Speakers of Heritage Norwegian. Languages. 8(1). doi: 10.3390/languages8010049. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Heritage Norwegian in the American Midwest is documented through a corpus of recordings collected and compiled over a time span of 80 years, from Einar Haugen’s recordings in the 1940s via the CANS corpus up to the present-day in the authors’ own recordings. This gives an unprecedented opportunity to study how a minority language changes in a language contact situation, over several generations and under gradually changing circumstances. Since we also have thorough historical knowledge of the institutions and societal texture of these communities, this privileged situation allows us to trace the various sources of input available to the heritage speakers in these communities in different relevant time slots. We investigate how the quality and quantity of input at different times are reflected in the syntactic production of heritage speakers of the corresponding generational cohorts, focusing on relative ratios of specific word orders (topicalization and verb second, prenominal and postnominal possessive noun phrases) and productive morphosyntactic paradigms (tense suffixes of loan verbs). Utilizing a model of relations between input and output, receptive and productive competence, to show how input–output effects will accumulate throughout the cohorts, we explain the observed linguistic change in individuals and society.

• Lykke, Alexander Kristoffersen & Hjelde, Arnstein (2022). New perspectives on grammatical change in heritage Norwegian: Introducing the adult speaker and adolescent relearner. Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies (BeLLS). 12(2), p. 63–76. doi: 10.15845/bells.v12i2.3827. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study introduces two speaker types, which have not yet been studied, to the study of heritage Norwegian: one adult (48, i.e., not elderly) and one adolescent speaker (16), “Kari” and “Jess”. They are both North American, English-dominant heritage speakers of Norwegian (AmNo), but differ from an older, previously studied cohort of American Norwegian speakers (old AmNo) in several respects. Kari and Jess have had more continuous contact with Norway throughout their lives. They are both Norwegian-literate and consume Norwegian-language media. Jess has attended Norwegian language courses in Norway, which motivates seeing her as a heritage language relearner. In this pilot study, we test the hypothesis that such extra-linguistic factors lead to grammatical differences between the groups. The hypothesis is tested by the analysis of three variables previously studied in old AmNo speakers: verb-second word order in non-subject initial clauses, possessive placement, and grammatical gender. We drew data from a 48-minute semi-structured speech recording. The study found that Kari and Jess indeed differ from old AmNo speakers. Kari’s language shows very little grammatical innovation, placing her among the most stable AmNo speakers. Jess’ language, in contrast, shows strongly innovative tendencies in all studied variables. To explain the innovations in Jess’ language, we appeal to heterogeneous input during childhood acquisition and cross-linguistic influence from English. Both factors, we argue, are active in the process of heritage language relearning.

• Hjelde, Arnstein & Bjørke, Camilla (2022). Reading Skills among Young Norwegian-American Heritage Speakers in the Early 1900s. In Biers, Kelly & Brown, Joshua R. (Ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas (WILA 11). Cascadilla Press. ISSN 9781574734805. p. 18–28. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2022). Real-Time Sound Changes in a Minnesota-Norwegian Dialect between the 1980s and 2010s. In Cooijmans, Christian (Eds.), Islands of place and space. Scottish Society for Northern Studies. ISSN 9781399935234. p. 1–30. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquette, Joshua; Eide, Kristin Melum; Hjelde, Arnstein & Putnam, Michael Travis (2021). Competition at the Left Edge: Left-Dislocation vs. Topicalization in Heritage Germanic. In Hjelde, Arnstein & Søfteland, Åshild (Ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas (WILA 10). Cascadilla Press. ISSN 9781574734782. p. 11–21. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The present work analyses left dislocation (LD) in Heritage German and Heritage Norwegian as a phenomenon of the left periphery of the clause. Fieldwork conducted from the 1940s through the 2010s shows both a robust maintenance of verb second (V2) and that pragmatically-conditioned copy left dislocation (CLD) occurs in complementary distribution with V2 in these heritage languages (HLs), and in ways that are consistent with the pre-immigration, homeland varieties. This study therefore unifies CLD and bare topic constructions (BTCs) under a single structure, in which the resumptive pronoun is either overt (CLD) or covert (BTC), with CLD being restricted to instances where there is either a pragmatic condition (e.g., emphasis, contrast, topic shift) or an interlocutor (e.g., narration). Infrequently, some speakers employ CLD in the absence of these conditions, where BTC would otherwise be expected. The authors propose that this change is motivated diachronically as the reanalysis of specifiers as heads, under the Avoid Silent Heads (ASH) principle (Eide 2011; cf. van Gelderen 2007), and consistent with the tendency for (heritage) speakers to prefer overt heads to covert ones (Polinsky 2018). Such change corresponds with the lexicalization of formerly pragmatically-conditioned XPs as obligatory heads.

• Søfteland, Åshild; Putnam, Michael T. & Hjelde, Arnstein (2021). Variation in Infinitive Markers in American Norwegian. In Hjelde, Arnstein & Søfteland, Åshild (Ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas (WILA 10). Cascadilla Press. ISSN 9781574734782. p. 60–68. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The topic for this article is infinitive markers in American Norwegian. In the Corpus of American Nordic Speech, 'te' is found to be an alternative infinitive marker in addition to standard Norwegian 'å'. The present study explores three possible reasons behind this: 'te' could be an influence from English 'to', and/or an inherited dialect feature from homeland rural Norwegian, and/or it can be connected with (reanalysis of) the frequent combination 'til å' (preposition + infinitive marker) in all types of Norwegian. Relevant aspects are both language contact and dialect contact, including comparisons with other Germanic contact varieties. Among other approaches, the authors analyze their findings theoretically in light of Polinsky's (2018) notion of structural salience.

• Søfteland, Åshild & Hjelde, Arnstein (2021). 'Ein må tenke seg om, ser du veit du, kva ord ein skal bruke.' Pragmatiske partiklar i amerikanorsk. In Hagen, Kristin; Kristoffersen, Gjert; Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander & Åfarli, Tor Anders (Ed.), Språk i arkiva. Ny forsking om eldre talemål frå LIA-prosjektet. Novus Forlag. ISSN 9788283900811. p. 295–320. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The main focus in this article is on the use of the pragmatic particlesser du, veit du og trur eg in CANS – Corpus of American NordicSpeech. These are compared with the use of English you see, youknow, I think and Norwegian du veit, du ser, eg trur in the same ma-terial. The article provides an overview of frequency, syntactic posi-tion and overall pragmatic analysis, together with a discussion ofsome methodological issues. The main finding is that the AmericanNorwegian speakers use the possibilities that these pragmatic partic-les provide as support for the information flow in the conversationalsituation, and combine both Norwegian and English usage patternstogether into a larger resource.

• Hjelde, Arnstein; Kvifte, Bjørn Harald; Emilsen, Linda Evenstad & Arntzen, Ragnar (2019). Prosessability Theory as a tool in the study of a heritage speaker of Norwegian. In Lenzing, Anke; Nicholas, Howard & Roos, Jana (Ed.), Widening Contexts for Processability Theory. Theories and issues. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISSN 9789027203984. p. 185–206. doi: 10.1075/palart.7.08hje. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2018). Om verbplassering og verbmorfologi i amerikanorsk. Maal og Minne. ISSN 0024-855X. 1(1), p. 25–69. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne artikkelen undersøker tilhøvet mellom verbbøying og ordstilling i ein språkkontaktsituasjon der norsk er det eine språket og engelsk det andre. Meir spesifikt er datatilfanget henta frå fleire datasett med opptak av norskamerikanarar i den amerikanske Midtvesten, og opptaka spenner over 70 år og tre generasjonar. Dette gir høve til å studere korleis denne kontaktvarieteten endrar seg over tid med omsyn til dei fenomena som er tema i artikkelen. Artikkelen er slik eit bidrag til eit område av norsken som er lite utforska, men han tar òg mål av seg til å kaste lys over meir generelle problemstillingar innanfor språkkontakt, tospråklegheit, og den formalteoretisk retta lingvistikken under den retninga som vert omtala som “biolingvistikk”. Utgangspunktet vårt i denne artikkelen vil særleg vere å sjå på språkkontakt som eit mentalt fenomen, der kontakten primært skjer i sinnet til språkbrukaren.

• Arntzen, Ragnar; Kvifte, Bjørn Harald & Hjelde, Arnstein (2017). Andrespråkselevers møte med obligatoriske leseprøver fra småskole- til mellomtrinn. NOA - Norsk som andrespråk. ISSN 0801-3284. 33(1), p. 33–62. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this article we present the results of national reading tests of a group of 16 minority-speaking pupils from grade 1 to 5, and then examine the partial skills that are particularly challenging on reading tests for these bilingual pupils. The children were born in Norway, and began to learn the majority language Norwegian at the age of three to five years when they started in kindergarten. Although the children were in an early stage in the acquisition of the instruction language when starting school, several did well on the reading tests from lower to upper primary school. We saw, however, that the reading tests became more challenging in grade 3 and 5, and our data indicate that the size and quality of the L2 vocabulary might be a critical factor for the reading results in upper primary.

• Hjelde, Arnstein & Johannessen, Janne Bondi (2017). Amerikanorsk: Orda vitner om kontakt mellom folk. In Joranger, Terje Mikael Hasle & Cleven, Harry T. (Ed.), Norwegian-American Essays 2017. Novus Forlag. ISSN 9788270998791. p. 257–282. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Et tydelig særtrekk ved det amerikanorske språket er ordforrådet. Vi finner hundrevis, for ikke å si tusenvis, av lånord fra engelsk. I tillegg har noen norske ord endra betydning, og vi kan også finne noen nylagde ord. Det er derfor ikke så rart at det meste av den tidligere forskinga på dette språket nettopp fokuserte på ulike sider ved ordforrådet. I denne artikkelen skal vi følge opp tradisjonen ved å se på noen enkeltord og grammatiske drag i det amerikanorske repertoaret, særlig på hvordan disse har spredt seg og på hva det eventuelt sier om kontakt mellom de ulike norske settlementa. Dette er et kapittel fra boken Norwegian-American Essays 2017. © 2017 Novus forlag

• Hjelde, Arnstein & Jansson, Benthe Kolberg (2016). Language reforms in Norway and their acceptance and use in the Norwegian-American community, Language and Nation. Crossroads and Connections. Waxmann Verlag. ISSN 9783830934974. p. 297–314. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Borrowing modal elements into American Norwegian: The case of suppose(d). In Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Salmons, Joseph C. (Ed.), Germanic heritage languages in North America: Acquisition, attrition and change. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISSN 9789027234988. p. 256–280. doi: 10.1075/silv.18.12eid. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This book presents new empirical findings about Germanic heritage varieties spoken in North America: Dutch, German, Pennsylvania Dutch, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, West Frisian and Yiddish, and varieties of English spoken both by heritage speakers and in communities after language shift. The volume focuses on three critical issues underlying the notion of ‘heritage language’: acquisition, attrition and change. The book offers theoretically-informed discussions of heritage language processes across phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics and the lexicon, in addition to work on sociolinguistics, historical linguistics and contact settings. With this, the volume also includes a variety of frameworks and approaches, synchronic and diachronic. Most European Germanic languages share some central linguistic features, such as V2, gender and agreement in the nominal system, and verb inflection. As minority languages faced with a majority language like English, similarities and differences emerge in patterns of variation and change in these heritage languages. These empirical findings shed new light on mechanisms and processes.

• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Verb Second and Finiteness Morphology in Norwegian Heritage Language of the American Midwest. In Page, Richard S & Putnam, Michael T. (Ed.), Moribund Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Findings. De Gruyter Brill. ISSN 9789004289604. p. 64–101. doi: 10.1163/9789004290211_005. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). The rise, spread and migration of Nynorsk. In Ureland, P. Sture & Steward, John (Ed.), Minority Languages in Europe and Beyond - Results and Prospects. Logos Verlag Berlin. ISSN 9783832539191. p. 85–101. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Changes in a Norwegian dialect in America. In Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Salmons, Joseph C. (Ed.), Germanic heritage languages in North America: Acquisition, attrition and change. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISSN 9789027234988. p. 283–298. doi: 10.1075/silv.18.13hje. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This book presents new empirical findings about Germanic heritage varieties spoken in North America: Dutch, German, Pennsylvania Dutch, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, West Frisian and Yiddish, and varieties of English spoken both by heritage speakers and in communities after language shift. The volume focuses on three critical issues underlying the notion of ‘heritage language’: acquisition, attrition and change. The book offers theoretically-informed discussions of heritage language processes across phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics and the lexicon, in addition to work on sociolinguistics, historical linguistics and contact settings. With this, the volume also includes a variety of frameworks and approaches, synchronic and diachronic. Most European Germanic languages share some central linguistic features, such as V2, gender and agreement in the nominal system, and verb inflection. As minority languages faced with a majority language like English, similarities and differences emerge in patterns of variation and change in these heritage languages. These empirical findings shed new light on mechanisms and processes.

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• Hjelde, Arnstein & Søfteland, Åshild (2021). Selected Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas (WILA 10). Cascadilla Press. ISBN 9781574734782. 85 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Hagen, Kristin; Hjelde, Arnstein; Stjernholm, Karine & Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander (2020). Bauta: Janne Bondi Johannessen in memoriam. University of Oslo. ISBN 9788291398129. 552 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Arntzen, Ragnar; Håkansson, Gisela Anne-Marie; Hjelde, Arnstein & Kessler, Jörg-U. (2019). Teachability and learnability across languages. Processability Approaches to Language Acquisition Research and Teaching. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 9789027203120. 263 p. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Teachability and Learnability across Languages addresses key issues in second, foreign and heritage language acquisition, as well as in language teaching. Focusing on a Processability Theory perspective, it brings together empirical studies of language acquisition, language teaching, and language assessment. For the first time, a research timeline for the role of instruction in language learning is presented, showing how the field of second language acquisition (SLA) research has developed over the last four decades since Pienemann’s work on learnability and syllabus construction over the 1980s. The book includes studies of child and adult second as well as foreign language acquisition research, covering a wide range of target languages including English, German, Hungarian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish. In addition, future extensions of PT are discussed. This volume is designed for advanced students in international programs of SLA and Applied Linguistics as well as for SLA researchers and second and foreign language teachers.

• Kvam, Sigmund; Barstad, Guri Ellen; Hjelde, Arnstein; Todd, John James Rea & Parianou, Anastasia (2016). Language and Nation. Crossroads and Connections. Waxmann Verlag. ISBN 9783830934974. 317 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Hjelde, Arnstein (2025). Veien mot vest. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2025). ​ Writing skills among Norwegian Americans: an examination of the transatlantic correspondence during the second part of the 20th century. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2025). Amerikabrev og skriveferdigheiter: Kva fortel amerikabrev oss om skriveferdigheitene til norskamerikanarane? Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2024). Til prærien og pampasen på jakt etter nordmenn og norsk språk. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2024). The Dative Case in America Norwegian​. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2024). Standardnorm («baseline»), innputt og språkvariasjon i amerikanorsk. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2023). Intra-speaker variation in North-American Heritage Norwegian (NorNAHL): Input and baseline(s). Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2023). Writing skills among Norwegian Americans. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2023). On the baseline notion in language acquisition and maintenance: A case study on American Speakers of Heritage Norwegian. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2023). Diakron endring og variasjon i ‘input’ og ‘output’ i eit arvespråk med utgangpunkt i amerikanorsk. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2023). Fonetiske endringar i ein minnesotanorsk dialekt mellom 1980-talet og 2010-talet – ei impresjonistisk tilnærming. Full text in Research Archive
• Kinn, Kari & Hjelde, Arnstein (2023). Norsk på chacraen: rapport fra en skandinavisk språk-lomme i Argentina. Språkprat: et populærvitenskapelig tidsskrift. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2022). Variasjon, akkomodering, register: En modell for språklig endring. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2022). Linguistic repertoires: modeling variation in input and production. A case study on American Speakers of Heritage Norwegian. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørke, Camilla; Hjelde, Arnstein & Opset, Barbro Bredesen (2022). Nordahl Rolfsen, Boken om Norge and the volume Norge i Amerika: ​Nation building at the prairie? Full text in Research Archive
• Kinn, Kari & Hjelde, Arnstein (2022). Prærielingvistikk og pampaslingvistikk – Prosjektet Norwegian across the Americas. Emigranten. 1, p. 35–37. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2022). Innovasjon eller tradisjon? Norskopplæring i et andre- og arvespråksperspektiv – med 100 års mellomrom. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2022). Camilla Bjørke & Arnstein Hjelde: Building ethnic identity among Norwegian-Americans: A comparative view on how Norwegian ethnicity is dealt with in Nordahl Rolfsen’s reader Boken om Norge (1913-1915) and Ole Edvart Rølvaag’s Norsk Læsebok (1919-1925). Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Kinn, Kari (2022). The Norwegian language in Argentina: A first view of heritage Norwegian in a new contact situation. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Bjørke, Camilla (2022). Arvespråk på prærien og pampasen – moglegheiter for FoU. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2021). The Nynorsk language in America. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2021). Language change over a lifespan: Einar Haugen’s last speaker. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein; Søfteland, Åshild; Kinn, Kari & Putnam, Michael T. (2021). Preface. In Hjelde, Arnstein & Søfteland, Åshild (Ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Immigrant Languages in the Americas (WILA 10). Cascadilla Press. ISSN 9781574734782. p. v–vii. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2021). LALEMUC - Language learning in the multilingual classroom - an application for Norway's Research Council 2021. Full text in Research Archive
• Lykke, Alexander Kristoffersen & Hjelde, Arnstein (2021). Young versus old speakers of heritage Norwegian: Novel data to solve methodological problems. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Bjørke, Camilla (2020). Reading skills among young Norwegian American heritage speakers in the early 1900s. Full text in Research Archive
• Hagen, Kristin; Hjelde, Arnstein; Stjernholm, Karine & Vangsnes, Øystein A (2020). Janne Bondi Johannessen 1960–2020. Oslo Studies in Language (OSLa). 11(2), p. 1–16. doi: 10.5617/osla.8485. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Janne Bondi Johannessen døde 15. juni 2020. Hun ville ha fylt 60 år 1. august samme år, og denne publikasjonen var opphavlig planlagt som et festskrift vi skulle overraske henne med på jubileumsdagen. Slik gikk det ikke, og nå er det blitt et minneskrift istedet.Vi har valgt å bruke ordet bauta som tittel på minneskriftet. En bautastein er en stor minnestein fra eldre tider.I dagligspråket blir bautabrukt i overført betydning om mennesker som virkelig har betydd noe på sitt felt: Det har Janne. Egenskaper som drivende, sterk, stødig, standhaftig, ansvarsfull, omsorgsfull, snill, altruistisk, samarbeidende, søkende, lyttende, kritisk, gjennomslagskraftig kan alle tilskrives Janne, og summen var noe helt unikt.

• Hagen, Kristin; Hjelde, Arnstein; Stjernholm, Karine & Vangsnes, Øystein A (2020). English preface: Janne Bondi Johannessen 1960–2020. Oslo Studies in Language (OSLa). 11(2), p. 17–32. doi: 10.5617/osla.8486. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Janne Bondi Johannessen passed away on the 15thof June 2020. She would have turned60 on the 1stof August the same year, and this publication was originally planned as a surprise festschriftfor her anniversary.Now it has become a public-cation in memoriaminstead.We have chosen to use the word bauta in the title of the publication. A bauta stone is a tall memorial stone from olden times. In everyday Norwegian bauta is used metaphorically about people who havemade a difference in their field: That was certainly the case with Janne. Qualities like enterprising, strong, steadfast, responsible, caring, kind, altruistic, cooperative, inquiring, attentive, criticalcan all be attributed to her, and the sum of it all was something quite unique.

• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2019). Bruk av korpus i studiet av språkendring i amerikanorsk. Full text in Research Archive
• Bousquette, Joshua; Eide, Kristin Melum; Hjelde, Arnstein & Putnam, Mike (2019). Competition at the left-edge: Left-dislocation vs. V2 in heritage varieties of Germanic. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2019). Individuell variasjon i et tospråklig samfunn: Inputdata og forklaringsmodell. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Eide, Kristin Melum (2019). Intergenerational Transmission of Norwegian as a Heritage Language. Full text in Research Archive
• Arntzen, Ragnar; Håkansson, Gisela Anne-Marie; Hjelde, Arnstein & Kessler, Jörg-U. (2019). Introduction (to Teachability and learnability). In Arntzen, Ragnar; Håkansson, Gisela Anne-Marie; Hjelde, Arnstein & Kessler, Jörg-U. (Ed.), Teachability and learnability across languages. Processability Approaches to Language Acquisition Research and Teaching. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISSN 9789027203120. p. 1–6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Teachability and Learnability across Languages addresses key issues in second, foreign and heritage language acquisition, as well as in language teaching. Focusing on a Processability Theory perspective, it brings together empirical studies of language acquisition, language teaching, and language assessment. For the first time, a research timeline for the role of instruction in language learning is presented, showing how the field of second language acquisition (SLA) research has developed over the last four decades since Pienemann’s work on learnability and syllabus construction over the 1980s. The book includes studies of child and adult second as well as foreign language acquisition research, covering a wide range of target languages including English, German, Hungarian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish. In addition, future extensions of PT are discussed. This volume is designed for advanced students in international programs of SLA and Applied Linguistics as well as for SLA researchers and second and foreign language teachers.

• Søfteland, Åshild & Hjelde, Arnstein (2019). Pragmatiske markørar i amerikanorsk. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Søfteland, Åshild (2019). "Vi lære te bruke skrivemaskin" – om infinitivsmerket i amerikanorsk. Full text in Research Archive
• Søfteland, Åshild; Putnam, Michael T. & Hjelde, Arnstein (2019). Variation in Infinitive Markers in American Norwegian. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2018). Language change over a lifespan: Einar Haugen’s last living speaker. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2018). Norwegian bilinguals in America and their language change: real, apparent, attrition? Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2017). Topikalisering og ulike typar V2 i Amerika-norsk. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2017). Real time change in a Minnesota-Norwegian dialect; 1980s–2010s. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2017). Verbflytting i Amerika-norsk. Full text in Research Archive
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Hjelde, Arnstein (2017). Modersmål er vort hjertesprog (…) sødt i liv og sødt i død, sødt i eftermælet! Litt om språk og språkbruk i Det norske Amerika i dag. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Når norsk slipes mot engelsk: gammel og ny språkkontakt. Full text in Research Archive
• Emilsen, Linda Evenstad; Hjelde, Arnstein & Kvifte, Bjørn Harald (2016). Norwegian as a heritage language in America - the final stage. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Nynorsk in Norway and America - in the light of nation building. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Språkkonfefansen PALA 2015 i Halden. [Journal]. Høgskolen i Østfolds årsmagasin 2015. Full text in Research Archive
• Barstad, Guri Ellen; Hjelde, Arnstein; Kvam, Sigmund; Parianou, Anastasia & Todd, John James Rea (2016). Making the case for an interdisciplinary approach to language and nation, Language and Nation. Crossroads and Connections. Waxmann Verlag. ISSN 9783830934974. p. 9–12. Full text in Research Archive
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Inntrykk fra prærien 2016 – om norsk språk blant etterkommere av innvandrere. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Amerika-norsk talespråkskorpus: Erfaringar og ønske. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Emilsen, Linda Evenstad (2016). Nynorsk around 1900 / Nynorsk in America. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Emilsen, Linda Evenstad (2016). From Old Norse to Middle Norwegian. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Tre typer V2 i Amerikanorsk. Full text in Research Archive
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). North American Norwegian. Full text in Research Archive
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi; Larsson, Ida & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). A Challenging Test. Full text in Research Archive
• Kühl, Karoline & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Borrowing of Connectors in Heritage North American Danish, Heritage North American Norwegian and Heritage Argentine Danish. Full text in Research Archive
• Kvifte, Bjørn Harald; Arntzen, Ragnar & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Vocabulary skills among multilingual children. Full text in Research Archive
• Arntzen, Ragnar; Kvifte, Bjørn Harald & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Kartlegging av lesing på andrespråket fra småskole- til mellomtrinn. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). Intergenerational changes in Norwegian heritage language of the American Midwest. Full text in Research Archive
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi; Larsson, Ida & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). How to uncover the grammatical competence of Scandinavian heritage speakers. Full text in Research Archive
• Kruse, Arne & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Linguistics and the Role of Language in Nation Building. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). “Sprogspørsmaalet” on the prairie: Language planning and reforms in Norway and their impact on the Norwegian-American community. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Structural Reduction in Heritage Language: Simplification, Transfer, and/or Convergence. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). «E jifta norsker»: Om strukturell forenkling i Amerika-norsk. Full text in Research Archive
• Emilsen, Linda Evenstad; Kvifte, Bjørn Harald & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). “De er itte fælt mye difference at all…” – om endringer og transfer i det norske språket på prærien. Full text in Research Archive
• Emilsen, Linda Evenstad; Hjelde, Arnstein & Kvifte, Bjørn Harald (2015). Heritage Language Acquisition and Attrition:Intergenerational Change among Norwegian Speakers in the Midwest. Full text in Research Archive
• Eide, Kristin Melum & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Verbplassering i Amerika-norsk. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida; Hjelde, Arnstein & Johannessen, Janne Bondi (2015). American Norwegian: Speakers and data. Full text in Research Archive
• Emilsen, Linda Evenstad & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Attrisjon på prærien. Full text in Research Archive
• Kvifte, Bjørn Harald; Arntzen, Ragnar & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Ekspressive og reseptive språkferdigheter hos tospråklige barn. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Language change in real time, processability theory, language attrition. Full text in Research Archive
• Arntzen, Ragnar & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Flerspråklig oppvekst og utdanning. Full text in Research Archive
• Arntzen, Ragnar; Bjørke, Camilla & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). Skole for språkforskere. [Internet]. https://www.hiof.no/om/aktuelt/aktuelle-saker/arkiv/2015/sko. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein; Kvifte, Bjørn Harald & Arntzen, Ragnar (2014). PT, language acquisition and language attrition: Norwegian as L2 in Norway and as heritage language on the Prairie. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein; Arntzen, Ragnar & Kvifte, Bjørn Harald (2014). Flerspråklige barns leseutvikling på et andrespråk. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein & Arntzen, Ragnar (2014). Adam og Johan: Om språklæring og språktap. Full text in Research Archive
• Arntzen, Ragnar; Kvifte, Bjørn Harald & Hjelde, Arnstein (2014). Flerspråklige barn fra barnehage til skole. Full text in Research Archive
• Hjelde, Arnstein (2014). The integration of English loanwords into America-Norwegian. Full text in Research Archive

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