Ricardo Gregorio Lugo

• Melnikovas, Aleksandras; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Maennel, Kaie; Brilingaitė, Agnė; Sütterlin, Stefan & Juozapavičius, Aušrius (2023). Teaching Pentesting to Social Sciences Students Using ExperientialLearning Techniques to Improve Attitudes towards PossibleCybersecurity Careers. Proceedings of the ... European conference on information warfare and security. ISSN 2048-8602. 22(1), s. 294–302. doi: 10.34190/eccws.22.1.1145. Vis sammendrag

  Labor market analysis shows that there is a significant shortage of experienced cybersecurity professionals, and this trend is expected to continue in the future. In addition, young people who are reluctant to choose STEM subjects in school typically do not see cybersecurity as a part of their future because they believe it demands exclusive technical knowledge that is beyond their reach. We aimed to change this perception among students of the social sciences, assuming that by providing social science students with the basics of cybersecurity, it would be possible to raise their awareness and encourage them to consider this field as a potential career option. Our team has designed a concise technical course based on Kolb's model that employs experiential learning to provide students with a basic knowledge of ethical intrusion (penetration testing). During the 32-hour subject, cadet officers with no prior IT education experienced all the steps of hacking both into a remotely accessible and physically accessible computer, including initial reconnaissance, vulnerability scanning, exploitation, and privilege escalation. A hands-on practical task of breaking into a highly vulnerable remote computer allowed for the evaluation of knowledge and skills as well as the reinforcement of learning experiences. In order to assess how the students' perceptions of the cybersecurity profession have changed based on the theory of planned behavior, they were asked to provide feedback immediately after the course and one year later. The results indicate that the short, technically challenging, but practical course based on experiential learning had a significant and positive effect on participants' attitudes: they were substantially more likely to consider cybersecurity as a future career, and some of them began participating in other cybersecurity courses or activities. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that providing similar technical courses to social science students will encourage them to pursue cybersecurity-related careers in the future.

• Firth, Andrea M.; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). The Role of Trait and State Mindfulness in Cognitive Performance of Male Adolescents. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. ISSN 1179-1578. 16, s. 3939–3948. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S409737. Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: The number of mindfulness intervention projects is continually increasing. Within the educational environment, mindfulness has purported links to well-being, positive behaviour, educational and cognitive performance. Trait mindfulness is related to rational thinking and better performance in cognitive tests, suggesting that innate mindfulness ability contributes to self-regulation ability and thus the efficacy of mindfulness interventions. The current study investigates whether mindfulness is a moderating factor. It examines correlations between cognitive performance and trait mindfulness. The study investigates the influence of trait mindfulness on the ability of students to enter state mindfulness in an attempt to understand the role both types of mindfulness may have on cognitive performance. Participants and Method: Two-hundred and five male students aged fifteen and sixteen completed the adolescent version of the Mindfulness Awareness Scale, the Cognitive Reflection Test, and the Toronto Mindfulness Scale. Results: Hierarchical regression analysis found that state mindfulness was a predictor of cognitive reflection ability. ANOVA also found that having either trait or state mindfulness predicted higher cognitive reflection scores, but only state mindfulness had a significant effect on cognitive reflection. Trait mindfulness was not a moderating factor. Conclusion: Both state and trait aspects of mindfulness ability influence cognitive performance. Those with higher trait mindfulness ability are better able to enter state mindfulness and thus had better cognitive reflection scores. However, where it is possible to induce state mindfulness into those with low trait mindfulness, CRT scores were also higher although not significantly so.

• Lande, Natalie Marie; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sætren, Sjur Skjørshammer; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). The Role of Emotion Regulation for General Self-Efficacy in Adolescents Assessed Through Both Neurophysiological and Self-Reported Measures. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. ISSN 1179-1578. 16, s. 3373–3383. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S406702. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Hoffmann, Lukas & Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). Gamification as a neuroergonomic approach to improving interpersonal situational awareness in cyber defense. Frontiers in Education. ISSN 2504-284X. 8. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2023.988043. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In cyber threat situations, the establishment of a shared situational awareness as a basis for cyber defense decision-making results from adequate communication of a Recognized Cyber Picture (RCP). RCPs consist of actively selected information and have the goal of accurately presenting the severity and potential consequences of the situation. RCPs must be communicated between individuals, but also between organizations, and often from technical to non-/less technical personnel. The communication of RCPs is subject to many challenges that may affect the transfer of critical information between individuals. There are currently no common best practices for training communication for shared situational awareness among cyber defense personnel. The Orient, Locate, Bridge (OLB) model is a pedagogic tool to improve communication between individuals during a cyber threat situation. According to the model, an individual must apply meta-cognitive awareness (O), perspective taking (L), and communication skills (B) to successfully communicate the RCP. Gamification (applying game elements to non-game contexts) has shown promise as an approach to learning. We propose a novel OLB-based Gamification design to improve dyadic communication for shared situational awareness among (technical and non-technical) individuals during a cyber threat situation. The design includes the Gamification elements of narrative, scoring, feedback, and judgment of self. The proposed concept contributes to the educational development of cyber operators from both military and civilian organizations responsible for defending and securing digital infrastructure. This is achieved by combining the elements of a novel communication model with Gamification in a context in urgent need for educational input.

• Knox, Benjamin James; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Cognitive agility for improved understanding and self-governance: a human-centric AI enabler . I Carayannis, Elias & Grigoroudis, Evangelos (Red.), Cover Handbook of Research on Artificial Intelligence, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Handbook of Research on Artificial Intelligence, Innovation and Entrepreneurship . Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781839106743. doi: https:/doi.org/10.4337/9781839106750.00019. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a catalyst for innovation activity. This chapter looks at developers and entrepreneurs as key human actors forming a performance triad with the AI. Successful exploitation of AI capabilities in entrepreneurial contexts requires humans to successfully collaborate, prevent communication errors and maintain control over the AI. To achieve this, human enablers require cognitive agility. This skill is founded upon metacognition and relies on heightened domain cognisance and the ability to govern one’s own actions. These attributes can be trained through adaptive non-standards based forms of education. Failure to develop the necessary human factor attributes risks increasing the likelihood of compromising the triad and the catalytic effect of AI. Developing cognitive expertise can mitigate ethical issues, power imbalances, bias, and adversarial factors that present significant challenges to technological solutions.

• Maennel, Kaie; Brilingaite, A.; Bukauskas, Linas; Juozapavičius, Aušrius; Knox, Benjamin James & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). A Multidimensional Cyber Defence Exercise: Emphasis on Emotional, Social and Cognitive Aspects. Sage Open. ISSN 2158-2440. doi: 10.1177/21582440231156367. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Hands-on and practical learning has been key to cybersecurity education and training success. Cyber Defence Exercises (CDX) are a common approach to training, testing, and verifying technical and soft skills. However, full-scale CDX implementation is also an expensive training event. In order to advance such exercises to the next level, CDX organisers should further focus on educational, psychological and cross-domain relationships. The paper discusses and proposes a multidimensional approach for CDX that balances cognitive, emotional and social aspects critical for successful interdisciplinary learning. We share our experience incorporating knowledge from well-known psychology theories to CDX. We derive and describe seven elementary ingredients if a CDX is to meet the interdisciplinary and critical thinking needs of defensive cyberspace operations.

• Mishra, Deepti; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Parish, Karen & Tilden, Solveig (2023). Metacognitive processes involved in human robot interaction in the school learning environment. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. LNCS 14012, s. 85–100. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-35599-8_6. Vis sammendrag

  With the ongoing digital revolution and the ever-increasing develop-ment of new technology, schools must provide students with a grounding in cer-tain technical skills, such as computational thinking, which are likely to be re-quired for future roles, including working with and operating robots. For such robot human interaction to be successful, introduction of robots into school learn-ing environments is crucial. However, we also need to better understand the learning processes involved in this human robot interaction. Acknowledging the importance of metacognitive processes as an essential aspect in achieving learn-ing outcomes in educational contexts, this article investigates the experiences of students in human-robotic interactions and related tasks (programming and math) by exploring the student´s self-assessment of perceived performance (JOP), mo-tivation (fun and difficulty) and learning. This aim has been achieved through a pilot study whereby the authors conducted a three-day workshop with grade 6 students and collected pre and post survey data. The findings contribute knowledge to our understanding of the importance of metacognition and in par-ticular accurate self-assessment as crucial for both motivation and learning with humanoid robots.

• Sütterlin, Stefan; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Mägerle, Sophia; Glöckler, Sandra; Wolf, Leandra & Schray, Julian [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Individual Deep Fake Recognition Skills are Affected by Viewer’s Political Orientation, Agreement with Content and Device Used. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 14019(9). doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-35017-7_18. Vis sammendrag

  AI-generated “deep fakes” is increasingly used by cybercriminals conducting targeted and tailored social engineering attacks, and for influencing public opinion. To raise awareness and efficiently train individuals in recogniz-ing deep fakes, understanding individual differences in the ability to recognize them is central. Previous research suggested a close relationship between politi-cal attitudes and top-down perceptual and cognitive processing styles. In this study, we investigate the impact of political attitudes and agreement with the political message content on individual deep fake recognition skills. 163 adults (72 females = 44.2%) judged a series of video clips with politicians’ statements across the political spectrum regarding their authenticity and their agreement with the message content. Half of the presented videos were fabricated via lip-sync technology. In addition to agreement with each statement made, global po-litical attitudes towards social and economic topics were assessed via the Social and Economic Conservatism Scale (SECS). There were robust negative associa-tions between participants’ general and social conservatism and their ability to recognize fabricated videos, especially when where there was agreement with the message content. Deep fakes watched on mobile phones and tablets were considerably less likely to be recognized compared to when watched on station-ary computers. This is the first study to investigate and establish the association between political attitudes and interindividual differences in deep fake recogni-tion. The study supports recently published research suggesting relationships between conservatism and perceived credibility of conspiracy theories and fake news in general. Implications for further research are discussed.

• Pirta-Dreimane, Rūta; Brilingaite, A.; Roponena, Evita; Parish, Karen; Grabis, Janis & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). CyberEscape Approach to Advancing Hard and Soft Skills in Cybersecurity Education. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-35017-7_28. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Incorporating gamification elements and innovative approaches in training and educational programs are promising for addressing cybersecurity knowledge gaps. Cybersecurity training should consider a combination of hard and soft skills to deal with the diversity of cyber incidents. Therefore, this research aims to investigate if soft skills such as communication and collaboration enhances students’ performance in practical task execution and if the CyberEscape approach promotes students engagement and self-efficacy. This paper presents a cybersecurity game CyberEscape based on the intervention mapping methodology previously defined in the research. A virtualised infrastructure simulating the business environment works as a hybrid escape room. Physical resources and prepared information materials complement the game to support the scenario and ensure student engagement. The work employs a multiple-methods research approach. Participants filled out questionnaires in the pre-event and post-execution phases. Additionally, the participants were involved in small group semistructured interviews. Results of the pilot study show a positive impact on student competence improvement and increased interest in cybersecurity.

• Ptacek, Martin; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Steptoe, Karl J. & Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). Effectiveness of the mindfulness–acceptance–commitment approach: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. ISSN 1612-197X. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2023.2180070.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Kullman, Kaur; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Engel, Don & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). A 3D mixed reality visualization of network topology and activity results in better dyadic cyber team communication and cyber situational awareness. Frontiers in Big Data. ISSN 2624-909X. 6. doi: 10.3389/fdata.2023.1042783. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Cyber defense decision-making during cyber threat situations is based on human-to-human communication aiming to establish a shared cyber situational awareness. Previous studies suggested that communication inefficiencies were among the biggest problems facing security operation center teams. There is a need for tools that allow for more efficient communication of cyber threat information between individuals both in education and during cyber threat situations. Methods: In the present study, we compared how the visual representation of network topology and traffic in 3D mixed reality vs. 2D affected team performance in a sample of cyber cadets (N = 22) cooperating in dyads. Performance outcomes included network topology recognition, cyber situational awareness, confidence in judgements, experienced communication demands, observed verbal communication, and forced choice decision-making. The study utilized network data from the NATO CCDCOE 2022 Locked Shields cyber defense exercise. Results: We found that participants using the 3D mixed reality visualization had better cyber situational awareness than participants in the 2D group. The 3D mixed reality group was generally more confident in their judgments except when performing worse than the 2D group on the topology recognition task (which favored the 2D condition). Participants in the 3D mixed reality group experienced less communication demands, and performed more verbal communication aimed at establishing a shared mental model and less communications discussing task resolution. Better communication was associated with better cyber situational awareness. There were no differences in decision-making between the groups. This could be due to cohort effects such as formal training or the modest sample size. Conclusion: This is the first study comparing the effect of 3D mixed reality and 2D visualizations of network topology on dyadic cyber team communication and cyber situational awareness. Using 3D mixed reality visualizations resulted in better cyber situational awareness and team communication. The experiment should be repeated in a larger and more diverse sample to determine its potential effect on decision-making.

• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Helgetun, Ivar & Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). Neurophysiological and emotional influences on team communication and metacognitive cyber situational awareness during a cyber engineering exercise. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. ISSN 1662-5161. 16(1092056). doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1092056. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Cyber operations unfold at superhuman speeds where cyber defense decisions are based on human-to-human communication aiming to achieve a shared cyber situational awareness. The recently proposed Orient, Locate, Bridge (OLB) model suggests a three-phase metacognitive approach for successful communication of cyber situational awareness for good cyber defense decision-making. Successful OLB execution implies applying cognitive control to coordinate self-referential and externally directed cognitive processes. In the brain, this is dependent on the frontoparietal control network and its connectivity to the default mode network. Emotional reactions may increase default mode network activity and reduce attention allocation to analytical processes resulting in sub-optimal decision-making. Vagal tone is an indicator of activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal node of the frontoparietal control network and is associated with functional connectivity between the frontoparietal control network and the default mode network. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess whether indicators of neural activity relevant to the processes outlined by the OLB model were related to outcomes hypothesized by the model. Methods: Cyber cadets (N = 36) enrolled in a 3-day cyber engineering exercise organized by the Norwegian Defense Cyber Academy participated in the study. Differences in prospective metacognitive judgments of cyber situational awareness, communication demands, and mood were compared between cyber cadets with high and low vagal tone. Vagal tone was measured at rest prior to the exercise. Affective states, communication demands, cyber situational awareness, and metacognitive accuracy were measured on each day of the exercise. Results: We found that cyber cadets with higher vagal tone had better metacognitive judgments of cyber situational awareness, imposed fewer communication demands on their teams, and had more neutral moods compared to cyber cadets with lower vagal tone. Conclusion: These findings provide neuroergonomic support for the OLB model and suggest that it may be useful in education and training. Future studies should assess the effect of OLB-ing as an intervention on communication and performance.

• Pirta-Dreimane, Rūta; Brilingaitė, Agnė; Majore, Ginta; Knox, Benjamin James; Lapin, Kristina & Parish, Karen [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Application of intervention mapping in cybersecurity education design. Frontiers in Education. ISSN 2504-284X. 7. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2022.998335. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Firth, Andrea M.; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). The Effect of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Training on Vagal Tone in Athletically Talented Secondary School Students. Sports. ISSN 2075-4663. 10(10). doi: 10.3390/sports10100146. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study examines whether twelve sessions of heart rate variability biofeedback training would improve vagally mediated heart rate variability. If so, it would go some way in explaining why breathing based interventions reduces clinical symptoms and improves non-clinical performance outcomes. Methods: Thirty participants (N = 30, Nfemale = 13) aged 14–13-year-old talented athletes from a sport specialist school in SE London UK, were randomly divided into three groups, a control group, a psychology skills training combined with heart rate variability biofeedback training group, and a heart rate variability biofeedback only group. For the combined group a variety of typical psychological skill training techniques were also used. Results: Paired participant t test and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test found non-significant differences between pre- and post-intervention measurements of SDNN, HF Log, pNN50 and RMSSD Log heart rate variability. Non-significant results remained even after pooling the biofeedback training groups (n = 19). Conclusion: Our results do not indicate that beneficial effects associated with focused breathing training can be attributed to improved vagal tone. Further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of the benefits of focused breathing techniques is necessary to maximize clinical and non-clinical outcomes.

• Neyer, Sabrina E.; Witthöft, Michael; Cropley, Mark; Pawelzik, Markus; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). The cortisol awakening response at admission to hospital predicts depression severity after discharge in major depressive disorder patients—A replication study. Frontiers in Neuroscience. ISSN 1662-4548. 16. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.952903. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The cortisol awakening response is a non-invasive biomarker for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) dysregulation, reflecting accumulated stress over time. In a previous study we reported that a blunted CAR before an inpatient treatment predicted self-reported depressive symptoms six weeks and six months after discharge (XXXXXXXXX et al., 2019). This replication study adopted an improved overall methodology with more stringent assessment protocols and monitoring. The longitudinal design included 122 inpatients from a psychosomatic hospital with a diagnosis of Major Depression Disorder displaying symptoms of moderate to severe major depression (n=80 females). The Cortisol awakening response (CAR) was measured at intake. Depression severity was assessed as Beck Depression Inventory II scores at intake, discharge, six weeks and six months following discharge. Results from the original study were replicated in terms of effect size but did not reach statistical significance (correlation between BDI-II 6 months after discharge and AUCg: r=-.213; p=.054). The replication study yielded nearly identical correlation coefficients as in the original study (BDI-II 6 months and CAR, r=-.223, p<.05). The replication of previously reported effect sizes with a concurrent lack of statistical significance in the more restrictive, larger and better controlled replication study may well inform research on psycho-endocrinological predictors for treatment success, but suggests a rather limited practical relevance for cortisol awakening response measures in this clinical context.

• Canham, Matthew; Sütterlin, Stefan; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Glenister, Lauren & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Ambiguous Self-Induced Disinformation (ASID) Attacks: Weaponizing a Cognitive Deficiency . Journal of Information Warfare. ISSN 1445-3312. 21(3), s. 43–58. doi: 10.31219/osf.io/2kbf9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Montiero Da Silva, Olga; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Lenton, Richard & Firth, Andrea M. (2022). Sports Journalism: Its Global Future in the Age of Digital Media . Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 13517, s. 97–114. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-22131-6_8.
• Williams, Jodine; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Firth, Andrea M. (2022). Exploring the therapeutic alliance and race from sports psychologists' and athletes' lived experiences: A pilot study. Heliyon. ISSN 2405-8440. 8(1). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08736.
• Sæthern, Beate Brevik; Glømmen, Anne Margrethe; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Ellingsen, Pål (2022). Students' experiences of academic coaching in Norway: a pilot study. International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education. ISSN 2046-6854. 11(4), s. 349–363. doi: 10.1108/IJMCE-07-2021-0077. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Veng, Karl; Eck, Jonathan & Fritschi, Jonas [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The Role of IT Background for Metacognitive Accuracy, Confidence and Overestimation of Deep Fake Recognition Skills. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 13310, s. 103–119. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-05457-0_9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Juozapavičius, Aušrius; Brilingaite, Agne; Bukauskas, Linas & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Age and Gender Impact on Password Hygiene . Applied Sciences. ISSN 2076-3417. 12(2). doi: 10.3390/app12020894. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Password hygiene plays an essential part in securing systems protected with single-factor authentication. A significant fraction of security incidents happen due to weak or reused passwords. The reasons behind differences in security vulnerable behaviour between various user groups remains an active research topic. The paper aims to identify the impact of age and gender on password strength using a large password dataset. We recovered previously hashed passwords of 102,120 users from a leaked customer database of a car-sharing company. Although the measured effect size was small, males significantly had stronger passwords than females for all age groups. Males aged 26–45 were also significantly different from all other groups, and password complexity decreased with age for both genders equally. Overall, very weak password hygiene was observed, 72% of users based their password on a word or used a simple sequence of digits, and passwords of over 39% of users were found in word lists of previous leaks.

• Schelhorn, Iris; Schlüter, Swantje; Paintner, Kerstin; Shiban, Youssef; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Meyer, Marie [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Emotions and emotion up-regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 17(1). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262283.
• Richardsen, Lee; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Firth, Andrea (2022). Investigating an Online Course for Player Psychosocial Development in Elite Sport (Professional Football) . Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (SJSEP). ISSN 2596-741X. 4(1), s. 10–19. doi: 10.7146/sjsep.v4i1.125418. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The scope of this study was to examine the perceived effectiveness of an online course based on an applied psychological model (The Four Pillars ©). The course was developed for the Professional Footballers’ Association (PFA) for young professional players, to assist in the process of transition into the professional game and to promote psychosocial development. We investigated how an online course might assist in the process of professional and psychosocial development by providing contextually relevant and evidence-based sport psychological concepts and principles that are relevant for maintaining a career in elite sport (football) and transitioning into the professional game. A total of n=219 16-18-year-old professional players and n=18 club staff members completed the eight modules of the online course. A post-course online survey was completed by both sets of participants and data was collected online. Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected. Qualitative data was based on thematic analysis of experiences given by the participants while quantitative data explored associations and differences between coaches and players. Findings indicate that both coaches and players found the online course beneficial in raising awareness of the demands that elite professional football can place upon mental health, and providing the potential to develop psychological literacy around relevant psychological coping and performance skills that may promote improved performance and provide a protective mechanism for mental health. Future studies should focus on the real-world effectiveness of the online course in the development of psychological skills and the protection of mental health.

• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan & Knox, Benjamin James (2021). The Influence of Team Workload Demands During a Cyber Defense Exercise on Team Performance. Communications in Computer and Information Science (CCIS). ISSN 1865-0929. 1499, s. 545–549. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-90179-0_70. Vis sammendrag

  Research has shown that cyber defense is dependent on individual functioning as well as teamwork[1, 2]. Research has identified teamwork factors, such as communication and coordination, that increase performance [1, 3], while more supporting behaviours, i.e. emotional and team support, have shown to inhibit team performance [3, 4] but currently the understanding of impact workloads have on performance is still limited [4]. The study investigated the role of team workload demands on team performance (effectiveness, dissatisfaction). Methods Data was collected during the Norwegian Defense Cyber Academy’s annual Cyber Defense Exercise. The Team Workload Questionnaire[5] was used as the independent variable to assess workload demands. The Teamwork component (communication, coordination, team performance monitoring) and Task-Team component (time-share, team emotion, team support) were used as predictors. For performance outcomes, two self-reported items were created, Team Effectiveness and Team Dissatisfaction, on a 10-point Likert scale (none-very). The study conformed to the Norwegian Social Science Data Services’ ethical guidelines. Participants gave their informed consent verbally and were informed that they could withdraw from participation at any time. Statistical analysis was done with JASP version .14.1[6]. Alpha levels were set to .05.   Results Teamwork demands (communication (β=.608), coordination (β =.224), team performance monitoring (β =-.149) could predict Team Effectiveness (R2=.632, F=5.16, p=.024). Task-team workload demands (team support (β =.328), team emotion (β=.878), time-share demands (β =-.196)) could predict Team Dissatisfaction (R2=.853, F=17.36, p<.001). Discussion This study investigated the influence of team workload demands on team performance. Results support the hypotheses. Teamwork demands could predict team effectiveness while Task-team demands could predict more negative aspects of team performance and the results are in line with previous research [3, 4, 7]. Future research in cyber security operations should incorporate team workload demands to assess performance. This research is funded by the Norwegian Research Council (#302941).

• Domarkiene, Ingrida; Ambrozaitytė, Laima; Bukauskas, Linas; Rančelis, Tautvydas; Sütterlin, Stefan & Knox, Benjamin James [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Cybergenomics: Application of behavioral genetics in cybersecurity. Behavioral Sciences. ISSN 2076-328X. 11:152. doi: 10.3390/bs11110152. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bugten, Jesper Barth; Lugo, Ricardo G. & Steptoe, Karl (2021). Validation of the Need for Competing Inventory. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 12, s. 1–11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.721903. Vis sammendrag

  Past studies have been conducted on competitiveness and achievement orientation as two noncooperative explanations for achievement motivation and achievement behavior. But a complimentary representation of a competitive-achievement orientation has yet to be explored. This paper developed and validated the need for competing inventory (NCI), and further investigated its relations with achievement orientation, emotional assessment, self-efficacy, grit, anxiety, and flow. The results from the present study support the theoretical construct of the need for competing, in the hope that it will provide a solid foundation for a competitive-achievement orientation, which is suggested to play a significant role in competitive achievement behavior. It is anticipated that the results from the present study will open a debate for including a competitiveachievement orientation in future research with the aim for a stronger predictor for achievement behavior.

• Schelhorn, Iris; Ecker, Angelika; Lüdtke, Michael N.; Rehm, Stefan; Tran, Thomy & Bereznai, Judith L. [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Psychological burden during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 12:640518, s. 1–12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.640518. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tilden, Solveig; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Parish, Karen; Mishra, Deepti & Knox, Benjamin James (2021). Gender Differences in Psychosocial Experiences with Humanoid Robots, Programming, And Mathematics Course. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 13096, s. 480–490. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-90328-2_32. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). Situational States Influence on Team Workload Demands in Cyber Defense Exercise. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 13096, s. 3–20. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-90328-2_1.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2024). Mental motstandskraft. I Berrefjord, Vivi Ringnes & Lund, Mass Soldal (Red.), Cybermakt. En tverrfaglig innføring. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 978-82-15-05707-1. s. 334–352.
• Knox, Benjamin James & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Cyber-situasjonsforståelse og sensemaking, fra teknisk via taktisk og operasjonelt til strategisk nivå.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Juozapavičius, Aušrius; Lapin, Kristina; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). The Role of Experience and Education in Resilience and Decision-Making in Cyber Threat Situations.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Sütterlin, Stefan; Canham, Matthew; Hermansen, Daniel & Knox, Benjamin James (2023). The Uncode System: A Neurocentric Systems Approach for Classifying the Goals and Methods of Cognitive Warfare .
• Torgersen, Leanne; Whitaker, Rupert; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2023). Significant Cyber Vulnerability to Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices. .
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Psychological Models Of Stress.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Mental Health in IT Security.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Situational awareness and Shared Mental Modelling .
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Bukauskas, Linas; Brilingaitė, Agnė & Maennel, Olaf Manuel (2023). Editorial: The human factor in cyber security education. Frontiers in Education. ISSN 2504-284X. 8. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2023.1277282.
• Canham, Matthew; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Jones, Daniel N. (2023). Protecting the overclaimers in cybersecurity w/ Dr. Daniel N. Jones | CSI Talks #7. Vis sammendrag

  Daniel N. Jones is currently an Associate Professor of Management in the College of Business at the University of Nevada Reno (UNR) and a core faculty member in the Interdisciplinary Social Psychology Program. His contributions include research on dark personalities as they pertain to topics such as betrayal and cybersecurity. His research focuses on models of long vs. short-term deception and harm. Most especially, this research focuses on the differentiation of the Dark Triad of personality (Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism). He is currently examining the potential utility of the Dark Triad in different contexts and is developing interventions that are designed to prevent the harm they cause.

• Canham, Matthew; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Bassett, Gabriel (2023). CTF Factory: A high-fidelity cyber simulation w/ Gabriel Bassett | CSI Talks #6. Vis sammendrag

  This focus topic was presented by Gabriel Bassett during the CSI meeting held on the 03/01/2023. The CSI meetings are digital monthly meetings arranged by the Cognitive Security Institute. Gabriel is the lead data scientist and a contributing author on the Data Breach Investigations Report team at Verizon Enterprise Solutions specializing in data science and graph theory applications to cyber security. He supports several information security data science conferences, is game architect for the CTF Factory Capture the Flag series, and founded Information Security Analytics LLC.

• Canham, Matthew; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Vishwanath, Arun (2023). The Weakest Link and Beyond w/ Dr. Arun Vishwanath | CSI Talks #5. Vis sammendrag

  This focus topic was presented by Dr. Arun Vishwanath during the CSI meeting held on the 02/01/2022. The CSI meetings are digital monthly meetings arranged by the Cognitive Security Institute. Dr. Arun Vishwanath is among the foremost experts on the “people problems” of cybersecurity. His research on the science of cybersecurity focuses on the largest surface of vulnerability in enterprise security: users. His body of work includes the development of methodologies to quantify human cyber-risk, approaches to diagnose how and why people are at risk through social engineering, and techniques to mitigate this risk.

• Canham, Matthew; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Wixey, Matt (2023). Human Side-Channels: Cyberweapons and Cyber Defenses w/ Matt Wixey | CSI Talks #4. Vis sammendrag

  This focus topic was presented by Matt Wixey during the CSI meeting held on the 01/04/2023. The CSI meetings are digital monthly meetings arranged by the Cognitive Security Institute. Matt Wixey is a senior threat researcher studying the physical and psychological effect of cyberweapons. He has over a decade of experience working in information security as a penetration tester, threat intelligence analyst and as a lead in R&D. His recent research focuses on human side-channels and whether or not computers contain an inherent capacity to cause harm.

• Mishra, Deepti; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Parish, Karen & Tilden, Solveig (2023). Metacognitive processes involved in human robot interaction in the school learning environment. Vis sammendrag

  With the ongoing digital revolution and the ever-increasing develop-ment of new technology, schools must provide students with a grounding in cer-tain technical skills, such as computational thinking, which are likely to be re-quired for future roles, including working with and operating robots. For such robot human interaction to be successful, introduction of robots into school learn-ing environments is crucial. However, we also need to better understand the learning processes involved in this human robot interaction. Acknowledging the importance of metacognitive processes as an essential aspect in achieving learn-ing outcomes in educational contexts, this article investigates the experiences of students in human-robotic interactions and related tasks (programming and math) by exploring the student´s self-assessment of perceived performance (JOP), mo-tivation (fun and difficulty) and learning. This aim has been achieved through a pilot study whereby the authors conducted a three-day workshop with grade 6 students and collected pre and post survey data. The findings contribute knowledge to our understanding of the importance of metacognition and in par-ticular accurate self-assessment as crucial for both motivation and learning with humanoid robots.

• Sütterlin, Stefan; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Mägerle, Sophia; Glöckler, Sandra; Wolf, Leandra & Schray, Julian [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Individual Deep Fake Recognition Skills are Affected by Viewer’s Political Orientation, Agreement with Content and Device Used.
• Pirta-Dreimane, Rūta; Brilingaite, A.; Roponena, Evita; Parish, Karen; Grabiss, Janis & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). CyberEscape Approach to Advancing Hard and Soft Skills in Cybersecurity Education.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Kullman, Kaur; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Engel, Don & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Neuroergonomics for Cybersecurity.
• Firth, Andrea M. & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Administrative and Quality Assurance Processes . I Shanmuganathan-Felton, Vaithehy & Smith, Stephen (Red.), Developing a Sport Psychology Consultancy Practice: A Toolkit for Students and Trainees. Routledge. ISSN 9781003196280. doi: https:/doi.org/10.4324/9781003196280. Vis sammendrag

  Administrative and quality assurance processes underpin a significant proportion of sport and exercise psychology (SEP) consultancy. This chapter presents the Standards of Proficiency for Sports and Exercise Psychologists from two of the largest national bodies and international associations. It also outlines the process involved in setting up a service agreement with clients, keeping client records and the use of reflection and supervision to promote good practice. This chapter draws upon examples and reflections from ten practitioner consultants who shared details of their practice delivery, client record keeping, and their approaches to reflexivity, and supervision and endeavours to promote good practice.

• Sund, Steinar Steinkopf & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2023). Undersøkelse: IT-folk har lettere for å la seg lure av «deepfakes». [Internett]. digi.no. Vis sammendrag

  Selvsikkerhet og stor tro på egne ferdigheter når det gjelder å avsløre nettsvindel, viser seg å være en viktig risikofaktor. Paradoksalt nok er IT-folk mer utsatt for å bli lurt av nettsvindel enn andre, fordi de lett kan bli overmodige.

• Canham, Matthew; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Lawler, James (2022). Soulcatcher: Recruitment Operations w/ Former CIA Officer James Lawler | CSI Talks #3. Vis sammendrag

  This focus topic was presented by former CIA operations officer James Lawler during the CSI meeting held on the 12/07/2022. The CSI meetings are digital monthly meetings arranged by the Cognitive Security Institute. James "Jim" Lawler served for 25 years as a CIA operations officer in various international posts and as Chief of the Counterproliferation Division's Special Activities Unit. He was a member of the CIA's Senior Intelligence Service from 1998 to 2005. Lawler was a specialist in the recruitment of foreign spies, and he spent over half of his CIA career battling the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, including serving as chief of the A.Q. Khan Nuclear Takedown Team, which resulted in the disruption of the most dangerous nuclear weapons network in history. According to former CIA Director George Tenet, what Lawler and his team achieved ranks as one of the most spectacular intelligence accomplishments in the history of the CIA.

• Canham, Matthew; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Gutzwiller, Robert (2022). Are Cyber Attackers Thinking Fast and Slow? w/ Dr. Robert Gutzwiller | CSI Talks #2. Vis sammendrag

  This focus topic was presented by Dr. Robert Gutzwiller during the CSI meeting held on the 11/02/2022. The CSI meetings are digital monthly meetings arranged by the Cognitive Security Institute. Dr. Robert Gutzwiller is a researcher studying the critical role of the human in complex systems. He has done pioneering work on oppositional human factors in cybersecurity, although his work extends beyond cyberspace to areas such as defense and transportation. His recent research focuses on engineering human attention, human-automation interaction, and defensive cyberspace operations.

• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). RECYCIN Transatlantic Seminar: Human Factors in Cyber Security: Security Experts Performance in Cyber Security Domains .
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Fredheim, Nina Skajaa (2022). Korte kampanjer for nettsikkerhet har liten eller ingen effekt. [Internett]. Forskning.no. Vis sammendrag

  Korte kampanjer for nettsikkerhet har liten eller ingen effekt. Og IT-personell er dårligere enn andre til å gjenkjenne nettangrep under slike kampanjer.

• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). ACDICOM – University of Hawaii Workshop 24-25 February 2022 . Vis sammendrag

  The workshop was held online due to COVID-19 pandemic. The workshop had 28 participants from 9 different nationalities representing 12 different institutions across Europe (Germany, Norway, Estonia, Lithuania) and North America (Hawaii, Maryland, Oregon). The workshop was completed over two days (24-25th February 2022). The following presentations were given(abstracts attached): February 24, 2022 2100 - 2300 (CET; 10am-12pm HST) February 25, 2022 0800 - 1000 (CET; February 24, 2022, 9pm-11pm HST) 2100 - 2125 Torvald 0800 - 0825 Tiril 2125 - 2150 Muzamil 0825 - 0850 Ausrius 2150 - 2215 Laura 0850 - 0915 Matt 2215 - 2240 Sean 0915 - 0940 Agne & Linas 2240 - 2300 Kaur 0940 - 1000 Ric The workshop produced synergies among the members. For example, Dr. Alicia Takaoka, a recent graduate of the CIS program at UHM was hired as a postdoc position working under Professor Letizia Jaccheri in the Department of Computer Science at NTNU in Trondheim. Dr. Ricardo Lugo also presented at the Communication and Information Sciences Interdisciplinary PhD Program at the University of Hawaii-Manoa (March 28th, 2022). Workshop member also started the Cognitive Security Instiute (https://www.cognitivesecurity.institute/), established educational workshops, and research collaborations. The workshop presentations can be viewed on the ACDICOM website at: https://www.hiof.no/hvo/vlo/english/research/projects/acdicom/

• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Addressing Human-centered Problems in the Cyber Domain.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). How Person-Situation Interactions Lead to Improved Cyber Situational Awareness. Vis sammendrag

  Human-Computer interaction is a modern-day extension of the person-situation interaction paradigm that has been the focus on behaviour sciences. Human behaviour in cyber security operations has been the focus of recent research due to the importance of the domain. Human behaviour aspects such as metacognition, situational awareness, and mental modelling in human-human interactions need to be better understood in human-computer interaction domains due to both micro- and macrocognitive aspects that can influence performance in cyber security operations. Personnel adapted to both micro- and macrocognitive aspects should be better prepared to both assess situations and communicate their recognized cyber picture to other critical personnel. This research assessed personal and situational aspects in cyber security training to identify factors that influence cyber security performance. Results show that personnel with better metacognitive judgements and used workload focused communication with other team members were better at recognizing the current cyber picture. These results can inform the development of educational approaches aimed at increasing cyber situational awareness and to better communicate recognized cyber pictures.

• Canham, Matthew; Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James; Ask, Torvald Fossåen & Sawyer, Ben (2022). Cognitive Security: Human Vulnerabilities, Exploits, and TTPs.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Neuroergonomic Approaches to Improving Cyber Situational Awareness During Cyber Threat Situations.
• Canham, Matthew; Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Ask, Torvald Fossåen (2022). Cognitive Security: Exploring the Human Layer.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Fredheim, Nina Skajaa (2022). Nettangrep: IT-personell lar seg lettere lure. [Internett]. Høgskolen i Østfold. Vis sammendrag

  Korte nettsikkerhetskampanjer har liten eller ingen effekt ifølge forskning. Og IT-personell er dårligere enn andre til å gjenkjenne nettangrep under slike kampanjer.

• Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Ask, Torvald Fossåen (2022). Cybersecurity – Our New Normal.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Forskning under Bukkesprang: Cybersituasjonsbevissthet på Individ- og Team-nivå.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Canham, Matthew; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Sütterlin, Stefan; Hermansen, Daniel & Knox, Benjamin James (2022). Et System for å Klassifisere De Nevrokognitive Målene Til Kognitiv Krigføring.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Canham, Matthew; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Sütterlin, Stefan; Hermansen, Daniel & Knox, Benjamin James (2022). A System for Classifying the Neurocognitive Goals of Cognitive Warfare.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Situational Awareness at an Individual Level – Processing information.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Veng, Karl; Eck, Jonathan & Fritschi, Jonas [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The Role of DLPFC Functioning for Deepfake Recognition Skills.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Helgetun, Ivar & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Neurophysiological and Emotional Influences on Team Communication and Metacognitive Cyber Situational Awareness During a Cyber Engineering Exercise.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Cybersituasjonsforståelse: En nevrokognitiv tilnærming.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Cyber-situasjonsbevissthet.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Communication problems in SOC: DE/LT Workshop.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Shared Mental Models: Theory and Applications.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Cyber Situational Awareness: approaches and findings.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Sütterlin, Stefan & Kullman, Kaur (2022). Perception and human-machine interactions in cybersecurity.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Cybersecurity and Health Care.
• Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & van Steen, Tommy (2022). Implementing Behavioural Science Perspectives for Improved Cybersecurity Awareness Education in Organisations.
• Andreassen, Marita; Eikeseth, Svein; Eldevik, Sigmund & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Tidlig intervensjon (EIBI) på barn med autisme: hvilke variabler kan predikere utfall?
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Psychological Profiling of Cybersecurity Operators and Users.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Cyber situasjonsforståelse: Person-Situasjon Interaksjon og Anvendte Aspekter.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James; Ask, Torvald Fossåen & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). ACDICOM Research.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). ACDICOM Project.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Psychosocial factors of student anxiety and mitigation strategies.
• Ptacek, Martin; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Steptoe, Karl J. & Sütterlin, Stefan (2022). Evidence Base of the Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment Approach in Applied Sport Psychology and Future Directions .
• Ptáček, Martin; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Burešová, Iva (2022). Comparing the Effectiveness of Intervention Programs Using Randomized Controlled Trial: A Student’s Experience with Conducting an RCT Study .
• Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Veng, Karl; Eck, Jonathan & Fritschi, Jonas [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The Role of IT Background for Metacognitive Accuracy, Confidence and Overestimation of Deep Fake Recognition Skills.
• Juozapavičius, Aušrius; Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2022). Towards a metacognitive accuracy training in military education.
• Montiero Da Silva, Olga; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Firth, Andrea M. & Lenton, Richard (2022). Sports Journalism: Its Global Future in the Age of Digital Media.
• Andreassen, Marita; Eikeseth, Svein; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Eldevik, Sigmund (2022). Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI): Predicting Outcome and Examining Relations between Intensity, Quality and Treatment Acceptability.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). ACDICOM: Advancing Cyber Defense by Improved Communication of Recognized Cyber Threat Situations .
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). Science-Based Approaches to Improving Cyber Threat Communication.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). Human-Human Communication in Cyber Threat Situations: A Systematic Review.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). Psychology and Cyber Security.
• Dechsling, Anders; Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Halvorsen, Lars Rune (2021). Studiebarometeret måler ikke studiekvalitet. Khrono.no. ISSN 1894-8995.
• Tilden, Solveig; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Parish, Karen; Mishra, Deepti & Knox, Benjamin James (2021). Gender Differences in Psychosocial Experiences with Humanoid Robots, Programming, And Mathematics Course.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Knox, Benjamin James & Sütterlin, Stefan (2021). Human-Human Communication in Cyber Threat Situations.
• Sütterlin, Stefan; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio & Knox, Benjamin James (2021). Design and Cyber Security.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). Projektstudium and Introduction to Cyberpsychology .
• Sütterlin, Stefan & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). Dark Patterns and Deep Fakes.
• Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan; Knox, Benjamin James & Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). Situational States Influence on Team Workload Demands in Cyber Defense Exercise.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Ask, Torvald Fossåen; Sütterlin, Stefan & Knox, Benjamin James (2021). The Influence of Team Workload Demands During a Cyber Defense Exercise on Team Performance. Vis sammendrag

  Research has shown that cyber defense is dependent on individual functioning as well as teamwork[1, 2]. Research has identified teamwork factors, such as communication and coordination, that increase performance [1, 3], while more supporting behaviours, i.e. emotional and team support, have shown to inhibit team performance [3, 4] but currently the understanding of impact workloads have on performance is still limited [4]. The study investigated the role of team workload demands on team performance (effectiveness, dissatisfaction). Methods Data was collected during the Norwegian Defense Cyber Academy’s annual Cyber Defense Exercise. The Team Workload Questionnaire[5] was used as the independent variable to assess workload demands. The Teamwork component (communication, coordination, team performance monitoring) and Task-Team component (time-share, team emotion, team support) were used as predictors. For performance outcomes, two self-reported items were created, Team Effectiveness and Team Dissatisfaction, on a 10-point Likert scale (none-very). The study conformed to the Norwegian Social Science Data Services’ ethical guidelines. Participants gave their informed consent verbally and were informed that they could withdraw from participation at any time. Statistical analysis was done with JASP version .14.1[6]. Alpha levels were set to .05.   Results Teamwork demands (communication (β=.608), coordination (β =.224), team performance monitoring (β =-.149) could predict Team Effectiveness (R2=.632, F=5.16, p=.024). Task-team workload demands (team support (β =.328), team emotion (β=.878), time-share demands (β =-.196)) could predict Team Dissatisfaction (R2=.853, F=17.36, p<.001). Discussion This study investigated the influence of team workload demands on team performance. Results support the hypotheses. Teamwork demands could predict team effectiveness while Task-team demands could predict more negative aspects of team performance and the results are in line with previous research [3, 4, 7]. Future research in cyber security operations should incorporate team workload demands to assess performance. This research is funded by the Norwegian Research Council (#302941).

• Knox, Benjamin James; Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio; Sütterlin, Stefan & Ask, Torvald Fossåen (2021). The Human Factors.
• Lugo, Ricardo Gregorio (2021). Human Factors in Simulation Training: Developing Scenarios.

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