Ida Gunilla Larsson

• Larsson, Ida Gunilla & Kinn, Kari (2025). Variation Over Time in a Heritage Language: Argument Placement in American Norwegian. Journal Of Germanic Linguistics. ISSN 1470-5427. 37(2), p. 125–162. doi: 10.1017/s1470542725000029. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article investigates the placement of subjects and objects in American heritage Norwegian (AmNo). While previous studies of argument placement in AmNo (Anderssen & Westergaard 2020) have only included present-day heritage and homeland speakers, we make use of new corpus resources and compare present-day heritage speakers to an older generation of heritage speakers, emigrant speakers, and homeland dialect speakers born around the time of mass emigration. The study includes three positions in the clause: the initial position (Spec-CP) in main clauses, and placement before and after negation (i.e., subject shift and object shift). The results show that while the structure of the C-domain appears to be intact, there is an increasing preference for SV order in the heritage language (see also Westergaard & Lohndal 2019, Westergaard et al. 2021). We argue that this has consequences for the distribution of subjects and objects further down in the clause; however, apart from this, the principles for subject shift and object shift remain remarkably stable over time. To a large extent, variation in subject shift and object shift observed in the baseline is transmitted across generations in American Norwegian; a clear difference is only observed in the limited context of tag questions (see also Anderssen & Westergaard 2020). We suggest that the increase in SV order in American Norwegian is a consequence of pressure to ease processing (see, e.g., Polinsky 2018), although cross-linguistic influence might also be involved. There is little (or no) evidence of change of the underlying syntax of American Norwegian.

• Larsson, Ida Gunilla & Kinn, Kari (2025). Argument placement in North American Norwegian: Subject shift, object shift and verb particles. In Kinn, Kari & Putnam, Michael T. (Ed.), A reference guide to the syntax of North American Norwegian. Language Science Press. ISSN 9783961105083. p. 313–353. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.15274574. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida Gunilla & Westendorp, Maud (2024). Nordic word order. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 8(1), p. 1–20. doi: 10.5617/nals.12139. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article gives an overview of the word order patterns found in the Nordic Word Order Database (NWD), providing maps that illustrate variation in argument placement and verb placement across the North Germanic languages. All investigated phenomena show variable word order in at least one of the languages, and categorical word order in other languages, considering at least one of the investigated variables. Apart from the differences between the languages, the data in NWD reveal little regional variation (apart from non-V2 in questions and particle-subject order in regional Norwegian). Instead, variation found within languages is very often within speaker variation. Different speakers can have different preferences, but the preferences are not geographically determined.

• Tengesdal, Eirik; Larsson, Ida & Lundquist, Björn (2024). Prosodic Variation in Particle Constructions in Three Norwegian Dialect Areas. Maal og Minne. ISSN 0024-855X. 116(2), p. 295–344. doi: 10.52145/mom.v116i2.2316. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Particle verbs in Norwegian are often realized as one maximal prosodic word with main stress either on the verb or the particle, but sometimes the verb and the particle project their own maximal prosodic words. This article contains a prosodic analysis of particle verbs in the Nordic Dialect Corpus (Johannessen et al. 2009) from three dialect areas: Finnmark, Trøndelag and Buskerud. In all three areas there is a variation between at least four different accent realizations. A maximal prosodic word with the main stress on the verb, so-called compound accent, is the most common realization of particle verbs in the material, but this is also the most restricted realization; it is not possible when an accented word intervenes between verb and particle, and it requires a verb–particle structure. In addition, there are several probabilistic factors the affect the likelihood of a certain prosodic realization. Syntactic traits like surface constituency are ignored by the phonological grammar.

• Larsson, Ida & Tengesdal, Eirik (2022). Argument placement in Danish. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 7(1), p. 109–134. doi: 10.5617/nals.10102. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper gives an overview of the Danish data on argument placement in the Nordic Word Order Database (NWD, Lundquist et al. 2019). The data were collected from 28 speakers in Copenhagen and Fredriksværk in 2018. The experimental task elicited subject and object placement relative to adverbs and particles (i.e., subject shift, object shift and particle shift), as well as subject placement relative to objects (long object shift). The results confirm that there is considerably less variability in argument placement in Danish than in the other North Germanic languages.

• Larsson, Ida & Lundquist, Bjørn (2022). The development of Swedish particle placement. In Larsson, Ida & Petzell, Erik Magnusson (Ed.), Morphosyntactic Change in Late Modern Swedish. Language Science Press. ISSN 9783961103256. p. 145–194. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.5482405. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Petzell, Erik Magnusson (2022). Introduction: Morphosyntactic change in Late Modern Swedish. In Larsson, Ida & Petzell, Erik Magnusson (Ed.), Morphosyntactic Change in Late Modern Swedish. Language Science Press. ISSN 9783961103256. p. 1–52. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.5792951. Full text in Research Archive
• Kinn, Kari & Larsson, Ida (2022). Pronominal demonstratives in homeland and heritage Scandinavian. Nordic Journal of Linguistics. ISSN 0332-5865. 45(3), p. 281–309. doi: 10.1017/S0332586521000305. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper discusses pronominal demonstratives (PDs) in homeland and heritage (American) Norwegian and Swedish. We establish a baseline approximating the language of the early emigrants, based on 19th/20th century Norwegian dialect recordings and Swedish texts. Baseline Norwegian had a fully established PD expressing psychological distance (see Johannessen 2008a). In Swedish, however, PDs do not quite behave like (distal) demonstratives: they can combine with a definite determiner or a regular demonstrative, and they do not fully have the pragmatic functions that demonstratives have. We propose that the Swedish PD is a pronoun rather than a demonstrative, without the full set of regular pronominal features, but with logophoric features that activate knowledge shared between the speaker and addressee. Data from AmNo show that PDs are preserved in this heritage language, across several generations. On the assumption that PDs are indexical and that speech act participants are represented in narrow syntax, it comes as no surprise that they are retained (Polinsky 2018:63–65), although this may, on the face of it, appear to be at odds with the Interface Hypothesis (e.g. Sorace & Filiaci 2006, Sorace 2011).

• Larsson, Ida & Kinn, Kari (2022). Stability and Change in the C-Domain in American Swedish. Languages. 7(4). doi: 10.3390/languages7040256. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article introduces American Swedish (AmSw) into the discussion of the C-domain in heritage Scandinavian. The study is based on spontaneous speech data from the Swedish part of the Corpus of American Nordic Speech (CANS), compared to a baseline of homeland Swedish dialect speakers. We show that the C-domain in AmSw is primarily characterized by stability; this is evidenced by a relatively robust V2 syntax and left dislocation patterns that resemble the homeland baseline. However, we also show that AmSw diverges in some respects: there are some V2 violations and a stronger preference for SV clauses (subject-initial main clauses) at the expense of XVS clauses (non-subject-initial main clauses). These results are similar to previous findings from American Norwegian. We argue that the diverging patterns exhibited by AmSw speakers are not indicative of any fundamental change in their Swedish grammar. The occasional V2 violations are attributed to parallel activation of English and Swedish, and speakers sometimes failing to inhibit English, which is their dominant language. The increase of SV clauses is analyzed as a preference for the canonical word order of the dominant language, but within the limits of what the heritage grammar permits. The patterns in AmSw can be described as cases of attrition and cross-linguistic influence; however, we argue for a nuanced use of these terms.

• Larsson, Ida & Lundquist, Björn (2022). Argument placement in Swedish. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 7(1), p. 73–107. doi: 10.5617/nals.10101. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper gives an overview of the Swedish data on argument placement in the Nordic Word Order Database (NWD; Lundquist et al. 2019). The data were collected from 54 native speakers in three different locations, and the experimental task elicited argument placement (subject shift, object shift, long object shift, particle shift). The results confirm that there is considerable inter- and intra-speaker variation in argument placement in Swedish, with the exception of the order between arguments and particles. Whereas subject shift appears to be obligatory with pronouns, there is variability in the placement of NP subjects, which cannot fully be explained with information structural factors. Long object shift is frequent with reflexives, whereas only a few speakers produce a small number of instances of long object shift with personal pronouns. Regular object shift is frequent, but not obligatory. We cannot observe any effects of dialect area or age in the dataset.

• Larsson, Ida & Brandner, Ellen (2022). Tense recursion, perfect doubling, and the grammaticalization of auxiliaries. In Egedi, Barbara & Hegedüs, Veronika (Ed.), Functional Heads across Time. Syntactic Reanalysis and Change. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780198871538. p. 159–185. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida (2022). Argument placement in Icelandic. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 7(1), p. 1–30. doi: 10.5617/nals.10098. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper gives an overview of the Icelandic data in the Nordic Word Order Database (NWD; Lundquist et al. 2019). The data were collected from 30 native speakers of Icelandic, and the experimental task elicited argument placement (subject shift, object shift, long object shift, particle shift). The results confirm that subject shift of definite subjects and pronouns is produced categorically in Icelandic, as is pronominal object shift. With regard to the placement of non-pronominal objects relative sentence adverbials and particles, there is, on the other hand, variability. Rather surprisingly, the results suggest that the placement of subjects (initial or postverbal) influences non-pronominal object shift. With respect to the ordering of objects and particles, the distinction between directional and metaphorical particles is relevant. The patterns are partly different from what we find in the comparable data from the other North Germanic languages (also available in NWD).

• Larsson, Ida & Kinn, Kari (2021). Argumentplacering i norskt arvspråk i Amerika. In Hagen, Kristin; Kristoffersen, Gjert; Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander & Åfarli, Tor Anders (Ed.), Språk i arkiva. Ny forsking om eldre talemål frå LIA-prosjektet. Novus Forlag. ISSN 9788283900811. p. 241–271. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Den här artikeln undersöker placeringen av subjekt, objekt och partiklar i äldre och yngre amerikanorska (i CANS-korpusen) och i LIA-korpusen, som representerar talspråket i Norge vid tiden för massutvandringen till Amerika. Ett huvudresultat är att ledföljden varierar i samtliga material, och att det delvis är mer variation än i modernt norskt talspråk. Variationen håller sig relativt stabil över flera generationer i Amerika, men vi noterar i likhet med Anderssen och Westergaard (2020) att andelen subjektskifte och objektskifte minskar. Vi föreslår att frekvensförskjutningen delvis beror på ekonomiprinciper som främjar den oskiftade positionen. För subjektskifte är direkt påverkan från engelska en relevant faktor i yngre AmNo, men bara i frågor; för deklarativer föreslår vi att den avgörande förändringen egentligen inte handlar om en preferens för den oskiftade positionen, men en preferens för flyttning av subjektet till C-domänen.

• Larsson, Ida (2021). On the emergence of auxiliary selection in Germanic. In Eide, Kristin Melum & Fryd, Marc (Ed.), The perfect volume: Papers on the perfect. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISSN 9789027208606. p. 291–318. Full text in Research Archive
• Kinn, Kari & Larsson, Ida (2020). Pronominale demonstrativer: Nye perspektiver fra norsk og svensk. Oslo Studies in Language (OSLa). 11(2), p. 201–224. doi: 10.5617/osla.8499. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper is concerned with pronominal demonstatives (referred to as psychologically distal demonstratives by Johannessen 2008a, b) in older Norwegian spoken language, and written Swedish from the 19th century and the present-day. We show that pronominal demonstratives can be attested in speakers born in different parts of Norway in the 19th century, and in Swedish texts from the same period. However, the pronominal forms do not seem to be used in precisely the same way in the two languages. In Swedish, han/hon ‘he/she’ do not seem to behave formally like demonstratives. Instead, we propose that they are syntactically reduced pronouns at the edge of the DP, above the position for demonstratives, and that they double features lower down in the noun phrase. In Norwegian, on the other hand, han/hun are used as demonstratives already in the 19th century, in the way described for present-day Norwegian by Johannessen (2008a, b).

• Larsson, Ida & Roxendal, Johan (2020). Till den historiska korpuslingvistiken - stavningsnormalisering och automatisk annotering av verbpartiklar i en historisk text. In Laanemets, Anu; Sävborg, Daniel & Asu, Eva Liina (Ed.), Studier i svensk språkhistoria 15. Språkmöte och språkhistoria.. University of Tartu Press. ISSN 9789949032648. p. 161–173. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Advances in computational linguistics can provide new opportunities for historical linguistics, but considerable work remains before we have resources for older Swedish that meet the standards generally set-up by historical linguists. This paper uses a resource for automatic spelling normalization developed by Pettersson et al. (2013) on a play from the end of the 18th century. Both the original and the modernized text are lemmatized and tagged using resources developed for modern Swedish, and the results are compared. Finally, particle verbs are annotated using two different automatic methods; one lexical, using the Swedish Academy word list (2015), one with a morphosyntactic tagger. The results are evaluated in relation to manual annotation. We conclude that automatic spelling normalization has good effects on lemmatization and some effect on tagging. With a few crucial exceptions, errors are not systematic in a linguistically relevant sense. With some adjustments, normalization can therefore significantly improve the usefulness of historical corpora. Annotation of particles is more difficult, and both automatic methods yield results that are systematically skewed in a way that makes them difficult to use in a study of syntactic change.

• Lundquist, Bjørn; Larsson, Ida; Westendorp, Maud; Tengesdal, Eirik & Nøklestad, Anders (2019). Nordic Word Order Database: Motivations, methods, material and infrastructure. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 4(1), p. 1–33. doi: 10.5617/nals.7529. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this article, we present the Nordic Word Order Database (NWD), with a focus on the rationale behind it, the methods used in data elicitation, data analysis and the empirical scope of the database. NWD is an online database with a user-friendly search interface, hosted by The Text Laboratory at the University of Oslo, launched in April 2019 (https://tekstlab.uio.no/nwd). It contains elicited production data from speakers of all of the North Germanic languages, including several different dialects. So far, 7 fieldtrips have been conducted, and data from altogether around 250 participants (age 16–60) have been collected (approx. 55 000 sentences in total). The data elicitation is carried out through a carefully controlled production experiment that targets core syntactic phenomena that are known to show variation within and/or between the North Germanic languages, e.g., subject placement, object placement, particle placement and verb placement. In this article, we present the motivations and research questions behind the database, as well as a description of the experiment, the data collection procedure, and the structure of the database.

• Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Larsson, Ida (2018). Stability and Change in Grammatical Gender: Pronouns in Heritage Scandinavian. Journal of Language Contact (JLC). ISSN 1877-4091. 11(3), p. 441–480. doi: 10.1163/19552629-01103004. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Previous studies on gender in Scandinavian heritage languages in America have looked at noun-phrase internal agreement. It has been shown that some heritage speakers have non-target gender agreement, but this has been interpreted in different ways by different researchers. This paper presents a study of pronominal gender in Heritage Norwegian and Swedish, using existing recordings and a small experiment that elicits pronouns. It is shown that the use of pronominal forms is largely target-like, and that the heritage speakers make gender distinctions. There is, however, some evidence of two competing systems in the data, and there is a shift towards a two-gender system, arguably due to koinéization.

• Larsson, Ida & Petzell, Erik Magnusson (2017). Språkhistorien och den mänskliga språkförmågan. In Håkansson, David & Karlsson, Anna-Malin (Ed.), Varför Språkvetenskap? Kunskapsintressen, studieobjekt och drivkrafter. Studentlitteratur AB. ISSN 9789144108902. p. 111–128. Full text in Research Archive
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Larsson, Ida (2015). Complexity Matters: On Gender Agreement in Heritage Scandinavian. Frontiers in Psychology. 6. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01842. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper investigates aspects of the noun phrase from a Scandinavian heritage language perspective, with an emphasis on noun phrase-internal gender agreement and noun declension. Our results are somewhat surprising compared with earlier research: We find that noun phrase-internal agreement for the most part is rather stable. To the extent that we find attrition, it affects agreement in the noun phrase, but not the declension of the noun. We discuss whether this means that gender is lost and has been reduced to a pure declension class, or whether gender is retained. We argue that gender is actually retained in these heritage speakers. One argument for this is that the speakers who lack agreement in complex noun phrases, have agreement intact in simpler phrases. We have thus found that the complexity of the noun phrase is crucial for some speakers. However, among the heritage speakers we also find considerable inter-individual variation, and different speakers can have partly different systems.

• Larsson, Ida; Tingsell, Sofia & Andréasson, Maia (2015). Variation and Change in American Swedish. In Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Salmons, Joseph C. (Ed.), Germanic heritage languages in North America: Acquisition, attrition and change. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISSN 9789027234988. p. 359–388. doi: 10.1075/silv.18.16lar. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This book presents new empirical findings about Germanic heritage varieties spoken in North America: Dutch, German, Pennsylvania Dutch, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, West Frisian and Yiddish, and varieties of English spoken both by heritage speakers and in communities after language shift. The volume focuses on three critical issues underlying the notion of ‘heritage language’: acquisition, attrition and change. The book offers theoretically-informed discussions of heritage language processes across phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics and the lexicon, in addition to work on sociolinguistics, historical linguistics and contact settings. With this, the volume also includes a variety of frameworks and approaches, synchronic and diachronic. Most European Germanic languages share some central linguistic features, such as V2, gender and agreement in the nominal system, and verb inflection. As minority languages faced with a majority language like English, similarities and differences emerge in patterns of variation and change in these heritage languages. These empirical findings shed new light on mechanisms and processes.

• Larsson, Ida & Johannessen, Janne Bondi (2015). Embedded word order in Heritage Scandinavian. In Hilpert, Martin; Östman, Jan-Ola; Mertzlufft, Christine & Rießler, Michael (Ed.), New Trends in Nordic and General Linguistics. De Gruyter Mouton. ISSN 9783110346978. p. 239–267. doi: 10.1515/9783110346978.239. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper investigates the word order in embedded clauses in Heritage Scandinavian (American Norwegian and American Swedish). It is shown that Heritage Scandinavian has a substantial amount of verb-raising across negation in embedded clauses. Verb-raising (i. e. the order verb–negation) is found in thatclauses, relative clauses and embedded questions; only the first allow the order verb–adverb in European Norwegian and Swedish. It is argued that the non-standard order (from a European perspective) should not be viewed as a consequence of direct transfer from English, and not as attrition. Instead, limited or incomplete acquisition of the heritage language leads to a grammar with V-to-T movement in addition to V-to-C movement. The acquisition of the heritage languages is assumed to follow the same path as the acquisition of the European Scandinavian languages, but it is delayed due to the limited input and interrupted when the heritage speakers start school.

• Larsson, Ida & Johannessen, Janne Bondi (2015). Incomplete Acquisition and Verb Placement in Heritage Scandinavian. In Page, Richard S & Putnam, Michael T. (Ed.), Moribund Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Findings. De Gruyter Brill. ISSN 9789004289604. p. 153–189. doi: 10.1163/9789004290211_008. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Published by Brill 2015.

• Larsson, Ida (2015). The HAVE/BE alternation in Scandinavian - Perfects, Resultatives and Unaccusative Structure. In Kailuweit, Rolf & Rosemeyer, Malte (Ed.), Auxiliary selection revisited: Gradience and Gradualness. De Gruyter Brill. ISSN 9783110347371. p. 145–182. doi: 10.1515/9783110348866-006. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida (2014). Tensed modal forms in non-finite contexts. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 1, p. 353–359. doi: 10.5617/nals.5404. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Unlike English, the Nordic languages have non-finite forms of certain modal verbs (e.g. kunne/kunna ‘can inf.’), and these modals can be embedded under other modals, as in the Swedish example in (1) (see e.g. Thráinsson & Vikner 1995, Eide 2005). In Danish, the embedded modal verb sometimes takes a seemingly finite (or tensed) form in this context, for an expected infinitival form; see (2a). Seemingly finite forms sometimes also appear in infinitival clauses, as in (2b). Characteristic for these examples is that the finite form for infinitive involves a modal verb like skal ‘shall’ or må ‘must’. The finite form is never obligatory but alternates with the expected infinitival form, and the use of finite forms have been debated in Denmark. See e.g. Barbiers 2005 and Corrigan 2006 for data from Dutch and British dialects where modals embed modals. The Danish part of the ScanDiaSyn survey included several sentences to test the possibility of a finite or infinitival form of a modal. Some of the results are presented below; see further Pedersen (2009) for a full overview of the data. I refer to modal forms like må ‘must’ as tense forms, although this is not necessarily correct; see section 3 for some discussion.

• Larsson, Ida (2014). Double supine. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 1, p. 300–306. doi: 10.5617/nals.5399. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In many Nordic varieties, a perfect participle or supine form occurs in the complement of a verb which otherwise takes an infinitive, as in (1) below (see e.g. Thráinsson et al. 2004: 234–236).[1] This is typically only possible when the matrix verb is also in participial/supine form; cf (2) where only an infinitive is possible (but see section 3 for discussion). The embedded supine is introduced by an infinitive marker when the corresponding infinitive would have an infinitive marker, and this is not obligatory with hinna 'have time' (cf. Hagren 2009). In the traditional Nordic literature, the construction is often referred to as the double supine. A supine for infinitive occurs in Faroese, Norwegian and Swedish, but not in Icelandic, and it is not considered part of Present-Day Danish (Julien 2003: 136; see also den Dikken & Hoekstra 1997 on a similar phenomenon in Frisian). [...]

• Larsson, Ida (2014). Conditional clauses and the shape of HAVE. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 1, p. 287–299. doi: 10.5617/nals.5398. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A conditional sentence consists of two parts: a condition and a consequent. The consequent is realized as a matrix clause, and the condition is realized as a subordinate clause (as part of the matrix consequent). In the Nordic languages, the condition may either have the shape of a regular subordinate clause (1a), or it may be verb-initial (1b). [...] The ScanDiaSyn survey included a sentence that tested word order after an initial condition, and a sentence with a verb-initial condition with a reduced or present tense form of HAVE and a (present) counterfactual reading. In addition, the Swedish part of the survey included a counterfactual with a simple preterite or past subjunctive in the condition and skulle ‘would’ in the consequent, as well as a corresponding sentence with skulle ‘would’ also in the condition. Results from the Nordic Syntax Database (Lindstad et al. 2009) and the Nordic Dialect Corpus (Johannessen et al. 2009) are presented below.

• Larsson, Ida (2014). HAVE and BE + participle of an unaccusative verb. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 1, p. 381–395. doi: 10.5617/nals.5407. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Among the present-day Scandinavian languages, only Danish and possibly Faroese have a split auxiliary system where unaccusative verbs form perfects with BE, while transitive and unergative verbs form perfects with HAVE (see e.g. Vikner & Sprouse 1988, Platzack 1988, Larsson 2009, 2013); see the Danish examples in (1).[1] Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish have the auxiliary HAVE in both contexts, just like English. [...]

• Larsson, Ida (2014). Expletives and agreement in passives. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 1, p. 360–369. doi: 10.5617/nals.5405. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Passives with expletive subjects seem to be possible in all Nordic dialects, but there is variation with respect to the choice of expletive subject, order between participle and object DP and agreement, as well as with respect to which type of passive is preferred. Some varieties use the pronominal expletive det 'it' in passives, while other varieties have a locative form (der/där 'there' or her/här 'here'), or vary between the two (see Larsson 2014 for an overview of expletives in Norwegian and Swedish). Moreover, in some varieties, the object DP can either precede or follow the participle in passives, as in the Swedish examples in (1). These examples also differ with respect to agreement: when the participle follows the DP, it agrees with it in number and gender, when it precedes the DP, it is invariantly neuter singular. [...]

• Larsson, Ida (2014). Double complementizers. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 1, p. 447–457. doi: 10.5617/nals.5413. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Unlike English, the Mainland Scandinavian languages have a complementizer som in embedded questions with a subject gap; see the Swedish example in (1a) (and cf. Teleman et al. 1999/4: 555 ff.). This is sometimes referred to as "doubly filled comp", following Chomsky & Lasnik (1977). The complementizer is also sometimes marginally possible in wh-clauses without a subject gap; see (1b) and (1c). Teleman et al. (1999/4: 509, 511) refers to the possibility of som 'that' after relative när 'when' or där 'there' as regional in Swedish. Also in Faroese, the relative complementizer ið can sometimes occur after a wh-word, but it is never obligatory (Thráinsson et al. 2004: 303f.). [...]

• Larsson, Ida (2014). Word order under lade ‘let’ and høre ‘hear’. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 1, p. 182–190. doi: 10.5617/nals.5386. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Nordic languages differ with respect to word order in infinitives under causative lade ‘let’ (and cognates), in cases where the agent of the embedded verb is unspecified (see e.g. Taraldsen 1984, Platzack 1986a, Thráinsson 2007:454 and Wood 2011). In Icelandic and Standard Swedish, an object DP must follow the embedded verb, while in Danish it must precede the verb; cf. (1) and (2). Faroese and Norwegian allow both orders (see Thráinsson et al. 2004:313 n. and Faarlund et al. 1997:1009). According to Hulthén (1944:127), VO is the normal order in Bokmål, and Faarlund et al. (1997:1009) states that the OV-order is used in literary style. If we assume that examples like (1a) involve raising to an object position, a pronominal object should undergo object shift in Danish (see Holmberg 1986:222 ff.). In Danish, weak pronouns obligatorily occur in a position before a sentence adverb, in the absence of an auxiliary (see Bentzen 2014 for data and discussion of object shift). The Danish part of the ScanDiaSyn survey included sentences to investigate the placement of DP objects in lade-causatives and weak pronouns embedded under lade and høre ‘hear’. The results from the Nordic Syntax Database (Lindstad et al 2009) and the Nordic Dialect Corpus (Johannessen et al. 2009) are presented below.

• Larsson, Ida & Lundquist, Bjørn (2014). Objektsplacering vid partikelverb i norska dialekter och äldre svenska. In Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Hagen, Kristin (Ed.), Språk i Norge og nabolanda. Ny forskning om talespråk. Novus Forlag. ISSN 9788270997954. p. 99–132. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida (2014). GET and HAVE + past participle or supine. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 1, p. 165–181. doi: 10.5617/nals.5385. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Nordic languages have non-canonical passive constructions with GET + past participle, as in the Swedish examples in (1).[1] These examples have in common that the subject of GET is not (necessarily) interpreted as the agent of the participial event. As in canonical passives, the external argument of the participial verb is demoted or implicit in GET-passives. [...]

• Larsson, Ida (2014). Serial verb constructions. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 1, p. 370–380. doi: 10.5617/nals.5406. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Nordic languages have the possibility of so-called pseudo-coordination, as in (1) (see e.g. Josefsson 1991, Brandt 1992, Wiklund 1996, Johannessen 1998, Lødrup 2002, Vannemo 2003, Bjerre & Bjerre 2007, Kvist Darnell 2008, Nielsen 2011). Pseudo-coordination is typically used to express imperfective aspect (Tonne 2007). The first verb is either a positional verb like Sw. sitta ‘sit’, a verb of assuming a position (e.g. Sw. lägga sig ‘lie down’), change of location verbs like Sw. komma ‘come’ or gå ‘go’, the verb ta ‘take’ or a particle verb like hålla på ‘carry on’ (see further Lødrup 2002:122). [...]

• Garbacz, Piotr & Larsson, Ida (2014). Omission of auxiliary HAVE. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 1, p. 396–405. doi: 10.5617/nals.5408. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  [...] Omission of finite HAVE has no semantic effects, and examples without auxiliary can be interpreted either as present or as past perfects depending on context. Possessive HAVE is never omitted, and no other auxiliaries are optional in the same way. Omission of non-finite and finite HAVE was investigated in the Swedish part of the ScanDiaSyn - survey. Results from the Nordic Syntax Database (Lindstad et al. 2009) and the Nordic Dialect Corpus (Johannessen et al. 2009) are presented below. The restrictions on omission are discussed in section 3 below.

• Larsson, Ida (2014). Choice of non-referential subject in existential constructions and with weather-verbs. Nordic Atlas of Language Structures (NALS) Journal. 1, p. 55–71. doi: 10.5617/nals.5367. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  All the Scandinavian languages have overt non-referential subjects in e.g. impersonal or existential constructions and with weather-verbs like rain. It is, however, well known that the properties of the non-referential element vary between varieties and constructions (see e.g. Platzack 1983, Falk 1993, Holmberg & Platzack 1995, Vikner 1995, Svenonius 2002, Thráinsson et al. 2004, Thráinsson 2007). Icelandic, Swedish and varieties of Norwegian use a form identical to the neuter pronoun (like English it) in all kinds of constructions with non-referential subjects. In Danish, on the other hand, the pronominal form det ‘it’ is used as a quasi-argumental subject with weather-verbs and in extrapositions, but a locative form corresponding to English there or here is used (to a varying extent) in other types of sentences with non-referential subjects; see (1). According to Hansen & Heltoft (2011:1216), her ‘here’ can always be used instead of der ‘there’. In some cases, there is a choice between a locative and the pronominal expletive, but in other cases, only one of the forms is possible; cf. (2) and (3). [...]

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• Larsson, Ida & Petzell, Erik Magnusson (2022). Morphosyntactic Change in Late Modern Swedish. Language Science Press. ISBN 9783961103256. 351 p. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.5482405. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida; Søfteland, Åshild & Vindenes, Urd (2020). Praktisk grammatikk: øvingar og løysingsforslag. Det Norske Samlaget. ISBN 9788252199390. 224 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Larsson, Ida Gunilla & Petzell, Erik (2026). Passive supines in Swedish, past and present. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida Gunilla (2026). Genusförändring i svenskan - början till en mikrodiakroni. Full text in Research Archive
• Kinn, Kari & Larsson, Ida Gunilla (2025). Possessive constructions in Argentine Norwegian. Full text in Research Archive
• Tengesdal, Eirik; Larsson, Ida & Lundquist, Björn (2024). Prosodisk variasjon i partikkelkonstruksjoner i tre norske dialektområder. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I dette foredraget presenterer vi en undersøkelse av prosodien i partikkelkonstruksjoner i tre dialektområder (Finnmark, Trøndelag og Buskerud) basert på ca. 900 belegg med opp, ned, ut og inn i Nordisk dialektkorpus (Johannessen et al. 2009). I alle områdene er det variasjon mellom minst fire ulike aksentrealiseringer. Realisering som ett maksimalt prosodisk ord med hovedtrykk på verbet (²ˈgåˌut), sammensetningsaksent, er den mest frekvente realiseringen av partikkelverb i materialet; men denne typen er også den metrisk og syntaktisk mest begrensede. De andre typene er partikkelaksent (hovedtrykk på partikkelen; ⁰gå ¹ˈut), dobbel aksent (¹ˈgå ¹ˈut), og ingen aksent (hverken verb eller partikkel projiserer egne maksimale prosodiske ord; ⁰gå ⁰ut). Sammensetningsaksent er spesielt når partikkelkonstruksjonen utgjør en syntaktisk frase, men ett prosodisk ord (postleksikalsk; Kristoffersen 2000: 289). Også prosodisk variasjon i kontekster hvor verb og partikkel brytes opp av argumenter, reiser spørsmål om forholdet mellom syntaktisk og prosodisk struktur: Kan begrensningene på hva som utgjør et prosodisk ord (Riad 2014) forklares med syntaks, eller lineær rekkefølge, leksikalsk trykkspesifikasjon, og informasjonsstruktur? Hva styrer plasseringen av prominensen innen det prosodiske ordet (venstrehodet: sammensetningsaksent; høyrehodet: partikkelaksent)? Målet er å gi et oversyn over distribusjonen av de ulike prosodiske realiseringene i disse dialektene, og å belyse underliggende faktorer som styrer variasjonen. Overordnet er sammensetningsaksent vanligst (50,7 %), men distribusjonen av de fire ulike typene er ulik på tvers av fylkene. Trøndelag har den høyeste andelen sammensetningsaksent (76,3 %), etterfulgt av Buskerud (52,4 %). Finnmark viser en mer balansert distribusjon. Felles er at det er lavere sannsynlighet for at verbet og partikkelen danner én prosodisk enhet når elementer intervenerer mellom dem; sammensetningsaksent er mest sensitiv for dette. Ikke-direksjonelle og ofte ikke-gjennomsiktige verb–partikkel-enheter realiseres oftere som én prosodisk enhet. Det er kategoriske forskjeller i distribusjonen av partikkel- og sammensetningsaksent. Sammensetningsaksent er kun lisensiert hvis ingen aksentuerte elementer intervenerer mellom verb og partikkel og hvis verb og partikkel instansierer et syntaktisk verb–partikkel-forhold. Partikkelaksent er mer tilgjengelig, og følger et generelt deaksentueringsmønster kjent for ord som verb, og verb–komplement-kombinasjoner (⁰kjøre ¹ˈbil). Overordnet kan det variable mønsteret i de tre områdene delvis forklares med de kategoriske restriksjonene på sammensetningsaksent. Vi foreslår at de ikke-kategoriske faktorene delvis kan forklares med produksjonsplanlegging (f.eks. Wagner 2011), og muligens generelle prosodiske vilkår kjent fra germanske språk. Dette inkluderer deaksentuering av visse ord (verb deaksentueres oftere enn argumenter; Myrberg & Riad 2015: 134) og tendensen til prosodisk frasehode nær høyre frasekant (f.eks. Selkirk 1984).

• Larsson, Ida Gunilla & Petzell, Erik Magnusson (2024). Passiver i gränsland. Full text in Research Archive
• Kinn, Kari & Larsson, Ida Gunilla (2024). Embedded verb placement in North American and Argentine heritage Scandinavian. Full text in Research Archive
• Kinn, Kari & Larsson, Ida Gunilla (2024). Bisatsordföljd i nordiskt arvspråk i Nordamerika och Argentina. Full text in Research Archive
• Kinn, Kari & Larsson, Ida Gunilla (2024). Embedded verb placement in North American and Argentine heritage Scandinavian. Full text in Research Archive
• Kinn, Kari & Larsson, Ida Gunilla (2023). Embedded verb placement in North American and Argentine heritage Scandinavian. Full text in Research Archive
• Kinn, Kari & Larsson, Ida Gunilla (2023). Investigating a low-frequency phenomenon in nearly extinct HLs: embedded verb placement in Argentine Heritage Norwegian/Swedish. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida Gunilla & Kinn, Kari (2023). Språkförändring och nordiskt arvspråk. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Kinn, Kari (2022). Stability and change in the C-domain in American Swedish. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Kinn, Kari (2022). Satsens inledning i svenskt arvspråk. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Lundquist, Bjørn (2022). Utvecklingen av svensk partikelplacering. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Kinn, Kari (2022). Satsens inledning i amerikasvenskt arvspråk. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Lundquist, Bjørn (2021). Pronomenskiften - variation förr och nu. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Kinn, Kari (2021). Transmission of complex variation: American Norwegian argument shift. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Kinn, Kari (2021). Transmission of complex variation in a heritage language context: American Norwegian argument shift across generations. Full text in Research Archive
• Kinn, Kari & Larsson, Ida (2021). Transmission of complex variation in a heritage language context: American Norwegian argument shift across generations. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida (2021). Finithet och finitlösa satser. Det kanske du aldrig trott om svenskan! In Brandtler, Johan & Kalm, Mikael (Ed.), Nyanser av grammatik. Gränser, mångfald, fördjupning.. Studentlitteratur AB. ISSN 9789144136233. p. 193–214. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida (2021). Variation and Change in American Swedish. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Kinn, Kari (2020). Pronominal demonstratives in homeland and heritage Scandinavian. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Kinn, Kari (2020). Pronominal demonstratives in homeland and heritage Scandinavian. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida; Lundquist, Bjørn; Westendorp, Maud; Nøklestad, Anders & Tengesdal, Eirik (2020). The Nordic Word Order Database. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Petzell, Erik Magnusson (2020). Är det norska eller svenska? Om partikelplacering och passiv på Orust kring 1900. Full text in Research Archive
• Kinn, Kari & Larsson, Ida (2020). Argumentskiften över gränser och generationer. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Petzell, Erik Magnusson (2020). Morfosyntaktisk förändring i yngre nysvenska. Full text in Research Archive
• Vangsnes, Øystein A; Larsson, Ida; Lødrup, Helge & Westergaard, Marit (2020). En stor språkforsker. Klassekampen. ISSN 0805-3839. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Vår kjære venn, kollega og fagfelle, professor Janne Bondi Johannessen, døde 15. juni, halvannen måned før sin sekstiårsdag. Janne hadde sin utdannelse i lingvistikk fra UiO. Doktoravhandlingen fra 1994 om syntaktisk koordinering, seinere publisert på Oxford University Press, er en av de mest siterte av noen norsk lingvist.

• Larsson, Ida & Petzell, Erik Magnusson (2020). Writing the history of a language and historical linguistics. a discussion of Norsk språkhistorie: Mønster and Dansk sproghistorie: Dansk tager form. Arkiv för nordisk filologi. ISSN 0066-7668. Full text in Research Archive
• Lundquist, Bjørn; Larsson, Ida; Westendorp, Maud; Tengesdal, Eirik & Nøklestad, Anders (2019). Presenting the Nordic Word Order Database. Full text in Research Archive
• Kinn, Kari & Larsson, Ida (2019). Argumentskifte over grenser og generasjoner. Full text in Research Archive
• Lundquist, Bjørn; Larsson, Ida; Westendorp, Maud & Tengesdal, Eirik (2019). The Nordic Word Order Database: New methods for studying variation within and between speakers and varieties in North Germanic. Full text in Research Archive
• Lundquist, Bjørn & Larsson, Ida (2018). Nordisk ordföljdsdatabas. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Roxendal, Johan (2018). Försök till automatisk annotering av partikelverb i historisk text. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida (2018). Nordisk splittring: om ordföljden vid partikelverb i svenskans och danskans historia. Full text in Research Archive
• Lundquist, Björn & Larsson, Ida (2018). Argumentplacering i nordiska dialekter - ett experiment. Full text in Research Archive
• Tengesdal, Eirik; Larsson, Ida & Lundquist, Bjørn (2018). Partikelvariationer i norska dialekter. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Andréasson, Maia (2017). Subjektsplacering i svenskans och danskans moderna historia. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida; Andréasson, Maia; Tingsell, Sofia & Eryd, Henrietta Adamsson (2017). Do you speak Swedish? American Swedish in the Corpus of American Nordic Speech. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida (2017). The Scandinavian Laboratory – a view from microcomparison. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida (2017). Nordisk dialektsplittring i nyare tid. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Lundquist, Bjørn (2017). Argument Placement in Mainland Scandinavian - Stable Variation and Parametric Change. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida (2017). System- och användaraspekter. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida (2017). Variation and Change in the Scandinavian Verb Phrase. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida (2017). Om amerikasvenskans grammatik - språkinlärning och språkförlust i svenska som arvspråk. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida (2017). Voices of American Swedish: Old Inheritance and New Developments. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida; Håkansson, David & Petzell, Erik Magnusson (2017). Introducing syntactic variation and change. Linguistic Variation. ISSN 2211-6834. 17(1), p. 1–7. doi: 10.1075/lv.17.1.01hak. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Andréasson, Maia (2017). Svenskan i Amerikanordisk talspråkskorpus. Full text in Research Archive
• Lundquist, Bjørn & Larsson, Ida (2017). Argumentplacering i nordiska dialekter – ett experiment. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Lundquist, Bjørn (2016). Fastlandskandinaviska argumentskiften – variation med och utan förändring. Full text in Research Archive
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi; Larsson, Ida & Hjelde, Arnstein (2016). A Challenging Test. Full text in Research Archive
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Larsson, Ida (2015). Sentence Processing in American Scandinavian Heritage Language. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Johannessen, Janne Bondi (2015). American Heritage Norwegian and Swedish: Incomplete Acquisition and Attrition. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida (2015). On the emergence of auxiliary selection in Germanic. Full text in Research Archive
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi; Larsson, Ida & Hjelde, Arnstein (2015). How to uncover the grammatical competence of Scandinavian heritage speakers. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida; Hjelde, Arnstein & Johannessen, Janne Bondi (2015). American Norwegian: Speakers and data. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Lundquist, Björn (2014). Ordföljd och partiklar i norska dialekter och äldre svenska. Full text in Research Archive
• Brandner, Eleonore & Larsson, Ida (2014). Perfect doubling and the grammaticalization of auxiliaries. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsson, Ida & Brandner, Eleonore (2014). Germanic perfect doubling and the grammaticalization of temporal HAVE. Full text in Research Archive
• Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Larsson, Ida (2014). Pronouns and gender in American heritage Norwegian and Swedish. Full text in Research Archive

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